An Analysis of Extraordinary Little Cough :: Extraordinary Little Cough

An Analysis of Extraordinary Little Cough The text written by Dylan Thomas is an raise semi-autobiographical one, that may seem to be a simple piece of prose at a first glance, but goes a lot deeper, by playing with the language, and ethnic peculiarities. One of the things that distinguishes this text from a lot of his others, is the fact that it is partially written in a narrative form. The author takes two roles in this piece of prose. sightly about of the time he takes on the role of a narrator, and is telling the story, as if he were telling the reader about something that happened to him as a child. As I bent down, three lumps of sugar fell from my blazer pocket. However, in other parts of the story, he also takes on the part of a character in the book. Then he slips out of his role as narrator, and takes over the character of the boy who cant seem to handle girls in a way, that would make him very habitual with them. Youve got a beautiful name. Another thing that makes t his passage so interesting is the fact that the author uses a semi-colon instead of a full-stop in his sentences. This gives the text a certain amount of continuity, and thus makes it more enjoyable to read. Their arms and legs and throats were brown as berries I could see that when they laughed their teeth were white they stepped onto the beach (...) The exception to this, be the monologues between the various characters (especially between a boy and a girl). Here the sentences on the whole, seem to be very short, sharp, and almost comical. Dylan Thomas does this to emphasise the jeopardy between the different sexes, and to bring out the idea that we are reading about children in puberty, where they are confronted with many problems, such as discovering the opposite sex. oh its just ordinary. Shall I see you again? If you want to. These short sentences are also to be seen in line twenty, where the author leaves a sentence all by itself on that line. Short sentences, like in the dialogues help to emphasise the awkwardness between boy and girl at this age, and underline the style used in the dialogues between the two sexes. The cap dropped at her feet

Symbols and Symbolism in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner :: Rime

Symbols in The Rime of the antique Mariner   A close interlingual rendition of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner will reveal that the Ancient Mariner-who is at once himself, Coleridge and all humanity-having sinned, both incurs punishment and seeks redemption or, in other words, becomes uneasily aware of his relation to the God of Law (as symbolized by the Sun), and in his sub-consciousness earnestly entreats the forgiveness of the God of Love (represented by the Moon-symbol).   ... For Professor Lowes, while he has break a Coleridge of amazing intellectual grasp ... stops short on the border line of purely imaginative experience. In his long study of The Ancient Mariner, he seems to miss the essential allegory.... when all is said, his unsparable book is content to be a review of Coleridges intellectual and creative relation to his available sources in books, in conversations and in his life history, not (save on occasion as supplying a casual argument) to arti culate part with part in the poetic excogitation as a whole ....   ... There is nowhere here or elsewhere in the book The Road to Xanadu a hint of the history puke the Mariners glittering eye, a suggestion of the poets bold transfer of the glitter in the perfectly seamens eyes (Death) to those of the Mariner (Life-in-Death). The poet introduces the Mariner abruptly and repetitively as bingle with a glittering eye. A similar emphasis is given to the epithet bright-eyed (as in the penultimate stanza of Part VII) and when the fearful question, Why lookst thou so?, is asked, our thoughts revert to that sinister glitter. Now consider this stanza in Part III   One after one, by the star-dogged Moon, Too quick for groan or sigh, Each move his face with a ghastly pang, And cursed me with his eye, and these stanzas also from Part IV The cold sweat melted from their limbs, Nor rot nor reek did they The look with which they looked on me Had never passed away. An or phans curse would drag to hell A spirit from on high But ohl more horrible than that Is a curse in a dead mans eye Seven days, seven nights, I saw that curse, And yet I could not die and these again from Part VI All stood together on the deck, For a charnel-dungeon fitter All fixed on me their stony eyes, That in the Moon did glitter.

Essay --

Tyler MillerCommunicationsMrs. SeilerJanuary 15, 2013 blight Potter and the Sorcerers Stone peerless dark night at Number 4, Privet Drive Albus Dumbledore, the head of a Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, meets Professor McGonagall, a teacher at Hogwarts, and Hagrid, the grounds keeper of Hogwarts, outside the Dursley internal. Dumbledore tells McGonagall that Lord Voldemort, a dark wizard who was doing his best to plunge the world into darkness, has killed Mr. and Mrs. Potter and tried unsuccessfully to kill their baby son, Harry. Dumbledore leaves Harry with the lone(prenominal) family he has the Dursleys, much to the dismay of Professor McGonagall and Hagrid, with an explanatory note in a basket in front of the Dursley home. Ten years later, the Dursley household is prevail by Dudley, the Dursleys son, who torments and bullies Harry. Mysterious letters begin arriving for Harry, from Professor Dumbledore. The letters begin to worry Mr. Dursley, who vainly tries to ke ep them from his nephew, but the letters keep arriving through literally every crack in the house. Finally, in a last ditch effort to keep the letters from reaching Harry, Mr. Dursley moves his family to a dark dismal drag in the middle of nowhere near the coast. On the eve of Harrys eleventh birthday, Harry makes a wish and Hagrid bursts through the shacks door and ,after giving Dudley a pigs tail, whisks the eleven year old Harry away from his sadistic relatives.The next day, Hagrid takes Harry to London to shop for school supplies. First they go to the wizard bank, Gringotts. Followed by a shopping spree on Diagon Alley, where Harry buys his books, ingredients for potions, and, finally, a magic wand. A month later, Harry goes to the train station and catches hi... ...rised and makes him state what he sees. Harry, oddly enough, sees himself with the stone in his pocket, and at that same moment he actually feels it in his pocket. Harry tells Quirrell that he sees something else . Voldemort tells Quirrell that the boy is lying and requests to speak to Harry face to face. Voldemort ultimately, instructs Quirrell to kill Harry, but Quirrell is burned by contact with the boy. and his body begins to break down into dust. A defend ensues and Harry passes out. When Harry awakens, he finds himself in the schools hospital wing with Dumbledore. Dumbledore explains that he saved Harry from Quirrell just in time. He adds that he and Flamel have destroyed the stone, because they fear the stones powers are too great to exist any longer. The school year comes to an end, and Harry sadly must returns to the Dursleys home till next year begins.

Spanish-American War :: essays research papers

The cause of the Spanish-American War relates directly to Cuba, and the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine. In 1895, Cuba was extremely governmentally disorganized, and was beginning to rise against Spain. The Cubans soon adopted a conception that the more damage that they did to the Cuban mainland, the faster the Spaniards would leave Cuba, and the Americans would help the Cubans to win their independence. The Americans soon came to Cuba, in an attempt to assist the Cubans in their fight for freedom. The Spanish intervention with Cuba threatened the trade r show upes that America had near, and with Cuba. By helping Cuba, America would be vastly saving itself economically because these routes were highly valuable. During this time you must consider that the United States had a new, powerful Navy, and they were anxious to show their power off to the rest of the world. Cuba served as the perfect stage to put on a show.     When Spanish General Weyler arrived, he controll ed the rebellion in Cuba by herding the Cuban citizens into enclosed concentration camps. They were detained under very unsanitary and inhumane conditions. Many of them died. This treatment of the Cuban people by the Spanish angered the American public, and they demanded that war be declared against Spain. The American people were clearly disgusted by the way the Spaniards interact the Cubans. Why wouldnt they be? The Spaniards treated them like scum. They were livid the Americans wanted the government to take action against the Spaniards for the actions they took against the Cubans.      Both Presidents Cleveland and McKinley tried to keep America out of war. In 1896, Congress overwhelmingly passed a resolution that called for President Cleveland to review the impending situation in Cuba. The anti-imperialist Cleveland refused to do anything. But, on February 15, 1898, the American battleship U.S.S. Maine anchored in Havana Harbor exploded. Two hundred and sixt y of the American crewmen were killed. On April 11, 1898 President McKinley went to Congress and asked for American troops to stop the war. Congress agreed and on April 25 the U. S. declared war on Spain.     In McKinleys declaration of war against Spain, he stated "For the recognition of the independence of the people of Cuba, demanding that the Government of Spain expel its authority and Government in the island of Cuba, and to withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters, and directing the President of the United States to use the land and naval forces of the United States to enrapture these resolutions into effect.

Hands: Paranoia :: essays research papers fc

hold ParanoiaIt seems that in all three of these deeds there is a sense of paranoia.In "Hands" a opus is guardianshipful of what might happen if he continues to do as he hasthrough in the past, touch people. A terrible fear of what a small touch couldlead to. In the story "Eveline" a young woman is staccato about what to do withher life. Whether to go with a man she thinks she loves or stay with her father.In the poem "Summer Solstice, New York City" This man is made raging andparanoid because of something. That something has driven this man to the pointof modelling his physical structure over the edge of a building.Straight from the text of Hands, a story about a man and his paranoia ofhis own hands. An example of vanish Biddlebaums fear. " buffer Biddlebaum foreverfrightened and beset by a ghostly band of doubts."(p. 882) Adolf Myers, or Wing,as the town people called him, was a daydreamer, he wanted others to dream with himand experience what he did. "Adolf Myers walked into the evening or had sattalking until dusk upon the school steps lost(p) in a dream."(p. 884) "In a centeringthe voice and hands, the stroking of shoulders and the touching of hair were apart of the school Masters effort to carry a dream into the young minds."(p.884) This is a man that was hunting expedition out of a town for something that was not a badthing. Nor was this something intended the wrong way. Mr. Myers did touch besidesto pass on something great, a dream. Mr. Myers was run from a town. "Theyintended to hang the school master."(p. 885) "As he ran away in the darknessthey repented their weakness and ran by and by him."(p. 885) Mr. Myers was soparanoid about touching mortal he would do anything to keep his hands fromdoing so. "When he talked to George Willard, Wing Biddlebaum closed his fist andbeat with them upon a table or on the walls of his house."(p. 882) Once Wing didlet that one thin g that he tried so hard not to do happen. He touched someone,when he realized it I odour that the paranoia set in. "For once he forgot hishands. Slowly they stole their way upon George Willards shoulders."(p. 883)"With a conclusive move of his body Wing sprang to his feet and thrust his handsdeep in his pockets." "Tears came to his eyes." "I must be getting home, I canHands Paranoia essays research papers fc Hands ParanoiaIt seems that in all three of these works there is a sense of paranoia.In "Hands" a man is fearful of what might happen if he continues to do as he hasdone in the past, touch people. A terrible fear of what a small touch couldlead to. In the story "Eveline" a young woman is confused about what to do withher life. Whether to go with a man she thinks she loves or stay with her father.In the poem "Summer Solstice, New York City" This man is made crazy andparanoid because of something. That something has driven t his man to the pointof casting his body over the edge of a building.Straight from the text of Hands, a story about a man and his paranoia ofhis own hands. An example of Wing Biddlebaums fear. "Wing Biddlebaum foreverfrightened and beset by a ghostly band of doubts."(p. 882) Adolf Myers, or Wing,as the town people called him, was a dreamer, he wanted others to dream with himand experience what he did. "Adolf Myers walked into the evening or had sattalking until dusk upon the school steps lost in a dream."(p. 884) "In a waythe voice and hands, the stroking of shoulders and the touching of hair were apart of the school Masters effort to carry a dream into the young minds."(p.884) This is a man that was run out of a town for something that was not a badthing. Nor was this something intended the wrong way. Mr. Myers did touch onlyto pass on something great, a dream. Mr. Myers was run from a town. "Theyintended to hang the school master."(p. 885) "As he ran away in the darknessthey repented their weakness and ran after him."(p. 885) Mr. Myers was soparanoid about touching someone he would do anything to keep his hands fromdoing so. "When he talked to George Willard, Wing Biddlebaum closed his fist andbeat with them upon a table or on the walls of his house."(p. 882) Once Wing didlet that one thing that he tried so hard not to do happen. He touched someone,when he realized it I feel that the paranoia set in. "For once he forgot hishands. Slowly they stole their way upon George Willards shoulders."(p. 883)"With a conclusive move of his body Wing sprang to his feet and thrust his handsdeep in his pockets." "Tears came to his eyes." "I must be getting home, I can

Environmental Change and Bounded Cultures :: Essays Papers

Environmental Change and Bounded Cultures Viewing cultures as shared, bounded wholes, relating to single, passive environments is a deceptive perspective in global environmental science today. As global environmental problems have topical anesthetic environmental impacts, the way that scientists return of local indigenous communities affects the relevancy of any international aid a global scientific community can offer (209). Ultimately, environmentally benign beliefs picture into environmentally benign practice, and unless scientists overcome predispositions about the inertness of culture, any valuable international relationship towards a common future will be lost (215, 222).As with other indigenous languages around the world, local tungsten African languages entail political significance in terms of relationship between land and farmer. such(prenominal) political terms do not translate easily into those of Western environmental science, and appreciation for their meaning requ ires an authentic globalization of environmental discourse (211, 222). Because unlike scientists have no knowledge of the West African cultural embeddedness of language and land, they are often unaware of the enduring links between contemporary West African farmers and their ancestors who once worked the same plot of earth. Invariably, contemporary global sciences evaluate indigenous environmental practices only on their own Western terms, and do not book for reinterpretation of ideas that could inform care of the earth (224).A limited understanding of indigenous practices also promotes the repackaging of local knowledges as romanticized notions, allowing Westerners to invent their own interpretations of what is traditional and ultimately eradicate local creativity (211). In the imposition of global orthodoxies and analysis upon environmental values and notions of sustainability in Non-Western cultures, Western scientists infringe not only on local livelihoods but also on cultura l freedom of fellow human beings (224). The scientific power of a dominant culture in defining the environmental practices of other cultures limits our international potential for environmental sustainability, as it limits the voices and legitimate contributions of indigenous societies.The political reality of globally defined environmental agendas simply does not beam the agendas of every community around the globe, rather, it reflects the priorities of those in positions of power (Leach and Fairhead 210).

Pupils at Elementary School and Their Behavior Essay

master(a) cultivateing was formerly the name given to publicly funded tutors in Great Britaincitation needed which provided a prefatory standard of education for working class children aged from five to 14, the naturalize leaving age at the time. They were also cognize as industrial schools. Elementary schools were set up to enable working class children to receive manual training and main(a) instruction. They provided a restricted curriculum with the emphasis on reading, writingand arithmetic (the three Rs).The schools operated on a monitorial system, whereby one instructor supervised a large class with the assistance of a team of monitors, who were quite practically one-time(a) pupils. Elementary school teachers were paid by results. Their pupils were expected to achieve precise standards in reading, writing and arithmetic such as reading a picayune paragraph in a newspaper, writing from dictation, and working out sums and fractions. 2 Before 1944 around 80 percent of t he school population attended elementary schools by to the age of 14.The remainder transferred either to secondary school or junior technical school at age 11. The school system was changed with the introduction of the fostering Act 1944. Education was restructured into three progressive stages which were known as capital education,secondary education and further education. 3 In the UK, schools providing primary education are now known as primary schools. They generally cater for children aged from four to eleven (Reception to Year Six or in Northern Ireland and Scotland P1 to P7).Primary schools are often subdivided into infant schools for children from four to seven and junior schools for ages seven to 11. In the (diminishing) clawity of areas where there is a three-tier system, children go to lower school or first school until about 9, past middle school until about 13, then upper school in these places, the term primary school is not usually used. - editUnited States of i mport article Education in the United States.Elementary school in Kentucky, 1946 In the United States, authority to regulate education resides constitutionally with the individual states. The show authority of the U. S. Congress and the national U. S. Department of Education is essentially limited to regulation and enforcement of federal constitutional rights. Great indirect authority is exercised through federal funding of national programs and block grants simply there is no obligation upon any state to accept these funds, and the U. S.government otherwise may propose but not enforce national goals, objectives and standards, which generally lie beyond its jurisdiction. Nevertheless, education has had a relatively consistent evolution throughout the United States. All states boast historically made a distinction amid two genres of K-12 education and three genres of K-12 school. The genres of education are primary and secondary and the genres of school are elementary school, mi ddle or junior high school, and high school (historically, senior high school to distinguish it from the junior school).Primary education (or primary school meaning primary education) still tends to focus on basic academic learning and socialization skills, introducing children to the broad range of knowledge, skill and behavioral accommodation they need to succeed in life and, particularly, in secondary school. Secondary education or secondary school has always focused on preparing adolescents for higher(prenominal) education or/and for careers in industries, trades or professions that do not require an academic degree.The elementary school has always been the main point of delivery for primary education and the (senior) high school has always been the focal point ofsecondary education. Originally, elementary school was synonymous with primary education, taking children from kindergarten through stigma 8 and secondary school was entirely coextensive with the high school grades 9 12. This system was the norm in America until the years following World War I, because around children in most parts of what was then the mostly rural United States could go no further than Grade 8.Even when the high schools were available, they were often not accessible. As the population grew and became increasingly urban and suburban instead of rural, the one-room schoolhouse gave way to the multi-room schoolhouse, which became multiple schools. This produced the third genre of school the junior high school which was designed to provide transitional preparation from primary school to secondary school, thus serving as a bridge between the elementary school and the high school.Elementary schools typically operated grades Kindergarten through 6 the junior high school, often housed in the same building as the senior high school, then covered grades 7 through 9 and the senior high school operated grades 10 through 12. At the same time, grade 9 marked the tooth root of high schoo l for the purpose of GPA calculation. It was typical during this period for state departments of education to certify (in California, credential) teachers to work in either primary or secondary education.A Primary School Certificate qualified the holder to teach any subject in grades K through 8, and his/her major and small subjects in grade 9. A Secondary School Certificate qualified the holder to teach any subject in grades 7 and 8, and his/her major and minor subjects in grades 9 through 12. Certain subjects, such as music, art, physical, and special education were or could be conferred as K through 12 command Certificates. By the late 1960s, the lines of transition between primary and secondary education began to blur, and the junior high school started to get replaced by the middle school.This change typically saw reassignment of grade 9 to the (senior) high school, with grade 6 reassigned to the middle school with grades 7 and 8. Subsequent decades in many states have also s een the realignment of teacher certification, with grade 6 frequently now included on the secondary teaching certificate. Thus, whereas 20th-century American education began with the elementary school finishing at grade 8, the 21st century begins with the American elementary school finishing at grade 5 in many jurisdictions.Nevertheless, the older systems do persist in many jurisdictions. While they are in the minority today, there are still school districts which, instead of adopting the middle school, still distinguish between junior and senior high schools. Thus, high schools can be either 9-12, which is most common, or 10-12. - edit Saudi Arabia Main article Education in Saudi Arabia The Saudi Arabian term for elementary school is , consisting of students from ages 6 to 12.

Macbeth coursework act 3 scene 4 Essay

Macbeth is so important in this scene because its all about him in this scene and every thing that happens is revolving round him.Before this Banquo was killed by Macbeths hired murderers. During this scene Macbeth, dame Macbeth and the lords are in the dining hall. They are celebrating Macbeth becoming major power of Scotland, Macbeth starts to make a toast to celebrate the event when hotshot of the murderers runs in and tells him that Banquo is dead. Macbeth then says,to our beloved friend who allow for be greatly missed. After this Macbeth walks rear to his seat to see Banquo sitting there in his seat reaching out to him drenched in blood. Macbeth is extremely shocked he drops his cup and gasps. Macbth starts to scare and walks back chill out staring at the seat where he saw Banquos apparition and says, dont shake thy gory locks at me.In this particular age people really believed in hints and the supernatural. They also believed that you really would go to hell if you comm itted mortal sins in your life .They also believed that barely god could make a man into a king and only god could take his life and if anyone were to take it into their own hands would pay dearly. Everythingwas personnel casualty considerably smoothly up until this point at the banquet. Everything before this was quite relaxed until an excited mood starts to kick in during the banquet and it gets the consultation excited and do for more exciting stuff to happen. It sets an edgy unrelaxed and chaotic mood.We learn that Macbeth is now at this stage very paranoid and scared. Scared that someone entrust find out about what he has done and scared of the consequences. He knows deep down that he will get to to keep killing to sulk all this up and that is what he scared of. He said he would rather face a tiger than to keep on fighting with these ghosts and apparitions.Lady Macbeth unvariedly tries to reassure Macbeth that everything is all right and tries to calm down the lords who are present throughout all the commotion. She assures the worried lords that he will be graceful saying on a thought he will be alright again.Macbeth is loosing it and is saying things to the lords which of you have done this in a very accuse manner. Ross then seems very concerned for Macbeth as he says what sights my lord, because Macbeth is the only one in the room who can see this apparition. In other words Ross is postulation what are you seeing in these hallucinations.Macduff does not attend the banquo because he suspects Macbeth to be up to something mischievous and becoming king so quickly. This does not help Macbeth and Duncans grudge between each other as we see them fight later on in the play.After the banquet Macbeth is talking to Lady Macbeth still very shaken and anxious by what happened he says to her it will have blood they say and blood will have blood. He also says, I am in blood steeped so far that should I wade no more returning were as tedious as go o er.Whic h basically means that that he is in this too deep now and he cant get out of the trouble he has landed himself in. Which is the constant state of paranoia guilty conciseness and regret he is in and cant get out of.The symbolic representation in this scene during the banquet is the ghost of Banquo. It is a symbol of Macbeths guilt and the terrible thing he has done to his one time good friend Banquo. The blood also shows symbolism in a way that blood will have more blood. It might mean he may have to keep killing if he wishes to remain out of the list of suspects of murderers In other words he will kill any who oppose him or try to prove that he was the one who killed banquo and king Duncan.There is a cumulus of dramatic effectiveness in this scene. The moods change very suddenly during the banquet scene when Macbeth was making a speech the last thing you thought you were going to see is the bloody ghost of Banquo sitting there calling out to Macbeth. And before this it was all p layfulness with the lords all gathered round the table eating drinking and chatting to each other and all of a sudden this happened.There was also a lot of dramatic effectiveness in the language that was used such as dont shake thy gory locks at me, they say blood will have blood, what man dare, I dare approach the rugged Russian bear, the armed rhino or the hyrcan tiger, take any shape but that my firmly nerves shall never tremble.A lot of dramatic effectiveness was used to make this scene, powerful, shocking, gripping and in some parts frightening.A Shakespearean auditory sense would be very surprised and excited watching a play of Macbeth. This is because back then the upper rich class who by the way would have been the only kind of people who would have seen this play, would not be as used to bloody and violent scenes as there are in Macbeth. So Shakespeare was in a way quite ahead of his time when it came to writing plays.On the other hand a modern audience would not in my o pinion act too shocked at the frightening bits of this scene as modern society are more hardened toward violence.This scene is one of the main thrilling scenes in the play and I think that is important because it adds that thrilling element that I think a lot of plays and films need to not stay too boring and one noted.The Mcbeth play was written for the ruling king james who was in power at that time and for the rich audience of the shakespearian era.

Adapting to Modern Society

Adapting to Modern Times Today, there argon various radio stations that are broadcasted passim Tanzania. However, from the 1950s until the mid-1990s, Radio Tanzania was the countrys sole station, consisting of music, poetry, drama, and speeches. There are currently more than 15,000 reels of these tapes that are sitting on the shelves of the BBC building in Dar es Salaam. Reviving the Radio Tanzania Archives is a project that has a death of digitizing and preserving these tapes before they are destroyed.Throughout reading the booklet by the Heritage Project and later listening to the NPR segment, I noniced a common theme of indigenization of neoity. I argue that the project is using modern technology in order to have-to doe with traditional ways. This topic has also been an important concept of the papers by Christen and Hodgson. In order to reach their end, the people of the Tanzania Heritage project moldiness use modern knowledge to convert the reel tapes into digital materi al. When they are subject to make this conversion, they will be exemplifying the act of using modern ways in order to preserve traditions.The traditions that they are preserving refer to the history that is embedded in the forms of media that were broadcasted on the radio. According to the Heritage Project, Radio Tanzania was both a key instrument of the state and public service, used as a tool for promoting unity and national pride through music (booklet8). The Radio be more than just entertainment, it was involved in politics, and affectionate relations as well. In the NPR segment, they state that the Radio was strictly Tanzanian, a station that was sung by and for the Tanzanian people.The station represents the purity of the Tanzanians without the influence from other institutions. In reproducing these tapes through digitization, people from all different parts of the globe will be suitable to experience a part of the Tanzanian past. The restoration of them allows the Tanzan ian tradition to live on indefinitely. Another important concern for the Heritage Project is for the early generations of Tanzania. The co-founder, Benson Rukantabula, hopes that If we digitize the archives, they (younger generation) can know where they lost their way(booklet13).By using the modern technology to preserve the archives, the project hopes to inspire future generations to create music found on traditional values. King Kiki, one of the legends of the Radio Tanzania era, still plays to sold-out crowds weekly. Another artist of the radio, John Kitime also continues to play live shows end-to-end Tanzania. The situation that both of these men are still playing to live audience signifies how valuable the music still is. This type of music is also known as Swahili Jazz music, and it was the most popular form of Tanzanian music from the 1960s until the mid-1990s.One important feature of this type of music, according to the co-founder of the Tanzanian Heritage Project, is th at you do not have to know the Swahili language to appreciate the music. The project believes in the universality of music, and how it crosses cultural barriers. If more of this music was available for people, then people would naturally stupefy to recognize the traditional rhythms and melodies of Tanzanian history. The broadcast of this music would increase the influence of traditional Tanzanian culture worldwide. The compact disc of the Warumungu women is also an example of the indigenization of modernity. The correct down songs define Warumungu womens ancestral relations, their ongoing community status, and their continued relation to specific sets of country (Christen417). It is only with the compact disc, which is the product of modern society, that they are able to spread this music and their traditions internationally. To show the goal of reaching outside cultures, there is an insert that includes both English and Warumungu, in which the women voice their traditions, and e xplain their decision to put the disc into circulation.This insert gives a long history to the reader, and allows them an inside perspective of Warumungu history. Along with broadcasting nationally, this music is also recognized locally, and it is a central goal of the Warumungu women to create a new generation of red-orcher women. The disc was an important source of security for the Warumungu women, to ensure them that their younger generation would recognize and notice their ancestors traditions. In addition to the womens desire to show their traditions to outside cultures and to their own younger generation, they were also aware of the economic benefit that the disc had for them.Nappanangka, a aged(a) Warumungu women said that her expectation is that the compact discs circulation will increase her power as a red-orcher woman while also sponsoring her lucre for a new Toyota Land Cruiser (Christen424). With the success of the compact disc, the women were hoping for recognition as well as some economic benefit both of which would help their society. In conclusion, the Warumungu women used the compact disc in order to protect their future generations and to preserve their own customs.The Maasai culture has experienced rapid change throughout its history. In the past, the Maasai culture was ignored because of its primitive ways. Recently, since the tourism industry has become a significant business, the Tanzanian nation-state officials have begun to recognize the Maasai, and use their authentic life-style to attract tourists. The Maasai have used this recognition to their own advantage, linking current efforts to protect their lands and livelihoods and access development resources to global campaigns for the rights of indigenous peoples(Hodgson135).Their cultural lifestyle is being keep collectible to the modern theme of tourism. In addition, the Maasai culture has experienced a shifting of roles of masculinities over many an(prenominal) years. Tradition ally, the Maasai culture has been associated with pastoralism and a dominant warrior-like masculinity. In the past, when a Maasai adopted certain forms of modernity, they were called Ormeek, which was associated with weakness and ignorance. However, the word Ormeek now dramatises on a more positive meaning and is valued and respected.Most of the Maasai community has learned that education is a key to the future, and Maasai men want to educate all of their children so that they can survive in what they perceive as a rapidly changing world (Hodgson140). With this education, the Maasai are able to get jobs in the government, and are able to have a voice for the Maasai people. The older generation depends on the younger generation to take care of them, because of the great power that education has in their society. However, although they are adopting these new ways, many of the Maasai people continue to incorporate traditional ways into their daily routines.The social relations of the Maasai culture have basically remained the same, although education has been a key component that has been added. In conclusion, while adapting to modern ways, the Maasai culture has still maintained many of their traditional values, while also using newfound forms of education to provide new advancements for their culture. Reviving the Radio Tanzania Archives is a project with a goal much like that of the Warumungu women. Although the world is advancing, they are trying to preserve their traditions, and make them available worldwide. They do not want to lose heir past due to changing society they want to recreate it so it can help future generations and inspire them. The Maasai also recognize that they are living in a changing world, and they are beginning to use new forms of education in order to promote their culture to outsiders. All three pieces of work share a commonality of trying to preserve traditional means by using modern technology. Even though they are aware the world a round them is unpredictable, they are not ready to forget their traditions, and step in line with modern times completely. They will use modern means in order to preserve the traditions that they wish to protect.

Principles for Implementin Duty of Care in Health and Social Care Essay

1.1Explain what it mode to engender a duty of assistance in own lap roleA duty of care is a legal obligation imposed on each individual working within the care sector that they adhere to a standard of intelligent care whilst performing any acts that could foreseeable harm others.It is my responsibility that-Whilst caring for an individual I promote their independency and assist them to understand and exercise their rights. -That I use established processes and procedures to challenge and report dangerous, abusive, discriminatory or exploitative behaviour and practice. -Following practice and procedures designed to keep myself and other community proficient from fierce and abusive behaviour at work. -Bring to the attention of my music director or appropriate authority any difficulties that might get in the way of the delivery of safe care. -Informing my Manager of appropriate authority where colleagues may be using unsafe practices of adversely affecting standards of care. -C omply with Health & Safety Polices.-Helping thickenings and any colleagues to polish off thrills, taking complaints naughtily and responding to them or passing them onto the appropriate person. -Recognising and using responsibly the power that comes from my work with clients and others colleagues.People have a right to expect that when a professional is providing support, they exit be kept safe and are non neglected or exposed to any unnecessary risks.1.2Explain how duty of care contributes to the safeguarding or protection of individualsHaving a duty of care should guarantee the safeguarding of vulnerable adults in my care. Knowing that I have a duty of care towards everyone I work with provides a lick guide to how I should behave, and how I must consider those I work with. By following the codes of practice and thinking about my duty of care means that my practice will be safer because I will stop to think to ensure I am working in the best interest of the clients I am supp orting and keeping them safe from harm.Risk Assessments carrying out and analyzeing risk assessments for all the activities we do within our caring role ensure risks are minimised and accordingly reducing risk of injury or harm to clients, myself and others. Recognising emf hazards and eliminating them.By following Policies and Procedures we have a clear set of rules and boundaries that ensure adults and those we work with write out how to conduct themselves If we conform to legislation and laws such as health and safety and safeguarding we are working within the law which is there to protect vulnerable adults and others who work with us.Understanding signs of neglect or abuse and observing clients means I can notice any signs or symptoms early avoiding putting people at risk, ensuring clients are progressing as is expected, reporting any concerns to my Manager.2.Know how to address conflicts or dilemmas that may arise between an individuals rights and the duty of care- 2.1 Des cribe potential conflicts or dilemmas that may arise between the duty of care and an individuals rightsWhilst I have a duty of care to the people I support they also have the right to make their own choices and reach a decision about actions they want to take. Sometimes this can result in a conflict or dilemma and how it is resolved depends on the legal position of the person I am supporting.Most of our clients are in a position to make their own decisions about what they do in their lives, in order to exercise my duty of care I must ensure that any decisions and choices people make are based on understanding the consequences and potential risks of what they want to do. My role is not to prevent clients from doing what they want, but I need to make sure that they know the possible results.This can result in some very finely balanced decisions especially where there are concerns about persons capacity to understand the possible risks and consequences of their actions, just because a person has dementia, learning disabilities or a long term mental problem it is lite to believe they lack the capacity to make decisions about important issues affecting their own lives. We would need to think about the Mental Capacity Act 1005 which underpins five-spot key precepts--A presumption of capacity every adult has the right to make their own decisions and must be assumed to have the capacity to do so unless it is proved otherwise. -The right for people to be supported to make their own decisions people must be given all appropriate help forward anyone concludes that a person cannot make their own decisions. -That people must retain the right to make what might be seen as eccentric or foolish decisions -Best interests anything done for or on behalf of people without capacity must be in their best interests. -Least restrictive Intervention anything done for or on behalf of people without capacity should be the least restrictive of their basic rights and freedoms.Thi s act sets out clearly how to establish if someone is incapable of making a decision. The underlying principle is that I can give people information so that they understand the potential risks and consequences of their actions but, a discover from exceptional circumstances I cannot stop people from doing something they have decided to do.There are some circumstances where I can and should take action, such as-Is the person likely to act criminally or illegal. -Will it deliberately harm them. -Does it represent a serious risk to others.In these circumstances I must seek advice from my Manager immediately.2.2 Describe how to manage risks associated with conflicts or dilemmas between an individuals rights and the duty of careI must always have the individuals best interests in mind. An important part of promoting rights, choice and control is that people are encouraged to take the risks that come with day-to-day living but have an understanding of the potential consequences and have t aken all possible steps to reduce the possibility of harm to themselves or others.The way in which I can exercise my duty of care in a risky situation is not to take steps to stop someone doing what they want but to access the risks carefully and to look at the protect factors. I may have to think about what other protecting factors I can put in place so that the risk is managed in effect such as A client may develop acute symptoms if he does not take his medication I could reduce the risk by increasing visits to ensure the medication is taken correctly.2.3 Explain where to get additional support and advice about conflicts and dilemmasThe first port of call if I am shy about what to do and I am exercising my duty of care is to consult my Manager they should be able to advise me about the best approaches to take. I could also contact the clients GP or the District Nurse for their advise. Trade Unions might be an option if I feel I am not getting the answers I need to help resolve t he situation.3. Know how to respond to complaints-3.1 Describe how to respond to complaintsComplaints to the organisation should be monitored and considered as part of every review of service provision, if everyone simply put up with poor service and no one complained they would never be aware of where the service needs improvement.Should a client wish to make a complaint I would firstly listen to what they have to say, I would explain to the client that I am taking their complaint seriously and that I would need to consult my Manager. It could result in the client following the complaint up in writing or even my Manager visiting them to discuss. Mu Manager would refer to the complaints procedure and report to her Manager. Hopefully through discussions with all parties the complaint can be dealt with effectively, it may however result in a disciplinary being taken against any member of staff who the client is complaining about.

Consumer Perception Towards Online Shopping in India Essay

1.1 INTRODUCTIONThe numbers of internet users ar increasing because of the dooribilities of technology, the availability of cultivation, and the ability to interact by means of the network cast up and evolve. The obvious capabilities of the profit embroil road for gathering information, purchasing a product, or rendering a service. These advances in Internet technology allow for the expansion of sponsorping options beyond conventional methods that may be more era consuming. Issues with having to physically gather information with offline shop methods are alleviated, and customers are better able to efficiently use their time.For instance, sooner of having to physically promise diametrical stores to compare prices or rely on circular pamphlets in newspapers, a consumer is able to search and retrieve needed information through the Internet. The Internet explosion has opened the doors to a new electronic humans. Consumers are now able to use the Internet for a variety of purposes such(prenominal) as research, communication, online banking, and even obtain. With such advantages, the Internet is quick becoming the main method of communication and of conducting business conveniently. With a growing number of households turning towards the Internet and the world of e-commerce to shop, invest, arrange payments, and do online banking, new technological advancement will pee-pee to come about to commit these transactions secure.Electronic retailing or online shopping, is shopping on the internet without the consumer having to visit a physical store. With the increased use of the internet, the scope for the online shopping is growing. A In 2012, 9.6 million Australians aged everyplace 15 years will make online shopping purchases, according to the latest research by PwC and Frost & Sullivan (2012). Over the next 12 months, 88% of online shoppers in Australia are expecting to maintain or increase their online expenditure, indicating that there is solid momentum in online shopping uptake. This continual rapid growth in Australia and offshore is unprompted structural changes in the traditional retail model. US online population will increase nearly 50%, from 1471.5 million in 2001 to 210.8 million by 2006 (Cumulative yearly Growth Rate of 8.2%) and online retail sales will grow from US$47.8 billion in 2002 to$130.3 billion in 2006. Similarly WIPO (2007) cited that about 10% of the worlds population in 2002 was online, representing more than 605 million users.In India alike the internet user base has grown to an impressive number from 87.1 million by December 2012 from 78.7 million users in October 2012, who accessed Internet through dongles and tablet PCs according to Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI) and IMRB (Dec 2012). According to them India is expected to have close to clxv million mobile Internet users by March 2015, up from 87.1 million in December 2012 as more people are accessing the web through mobile dev ices and dongles.Nearly 60% of online users in India visited a retail site in November 2011, with the number of online shoppers increasing 18% in the past year verbalise com Score in a research report.According to the report on visitation to the top retail and coupon sites in India, coupon sites are rapidly gaining in popularity, with 16.5% of the Indian online population visiting the socio-economic class in November, led by Snapdeal.com and Mydala.com. In November, 27.2 million online users in India, aged 15 and older, accessed the retail category from a home or work computer, an increase of 18% from the previous year, as consumers continue to turn to the web to shop for and purchase items and retailers continue to increase their online visibility through active marketing campaigns. (www.moneylife.in, Feb 28th, 2013).There are many advantages of doing online shopping like there is no geographical boundary-a consumer in Delhi keep shop for some amour which an e-store in Punjab i s offering, there is no time restrictions- the shopping is 247, the payment is online-there is no need to even handle the cash. Despite the advantages of online shopping all the consumers are not participating in online transaction. Many business firms are more and more businesses continue to establish an online presence, they are finding that some consumers are good-tempered reluctant to shift in that same direction. For various consumers there are still concerns with trade protection and passingpersonal data over the Internet. There is a disparity between the number of consumers who visit a site and the number of actual purchases being made.Despite the millions of people who use the Internet everyday and visit various shopping sites, the number of consumers who do not waive their shopping carts but actually complete a purchase averages to only about cardinal percent. This leaves a large portion of the Internet population as non-participants in online transactions as compared to those who fully complete transactions online and make purchases. Instead, these non-participants may abandon the purchase completely or fulfill the transaction in an offline setting. As such, it is important for online businesses or offline businesses evoke in venturing into the online market to understand their consumers perceptions, online and offline, and what constituents influence their shopping decisions. With better understanding of what factors play into consumer decision making in making transactions online or offline, retailers and businesses can be better gear themselves to serving their customers in either of the shopping venues.1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYTo know the demographic profile of the customers and its impact if any on the online buying.To know the factors affecting the perception of Indian online buyers.CHAPTER II literary productions REVIEWThis part includes the Review of previous studies, articles and conceptual framework for the related studies. More o utline is not sufficient to present real framework of the subscribe. So review of related materials should be deal with to give the research a clear vision, past mull and knowledge provides foundation to the present day. Review of literary productions includes the following topics2.1 Conceptual Framework2.2 Reviews from Previous Studies2.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKAs Internet usage is increasing, so is online shopping particularly in those countries whose Marketing infrastructures are well developed. Customers can shop at anytime and have access to products not available in their geographic region. Moreover, they are now able to access the Internet, not only from their personal computers, but similarly from advanced electronic devices such as Palm Pilots and mobile phones. The growth of Internet technology in India has marvellous potential as it reduces the costs of product and service delivery and extends geographical boundaries in bringing buyers and sellers together. overly, due to an increase in high-speed Internet access connections, lower connection costs, and increasing consumer competence, e-commerce activity will continue to grow as the availability and ease with which the Internet provides consumers the ability to handle needed tasks progressively develops. However, not all consumers are turning to the Internet for shopping. While the number of Internet users who have made a purchase at one time is more than half in the United States, this does not explain the disparity between the number of visits websites recorded and the number of actual purchases made online.This research mainly talks about the factors that affect the consumers online shopping behavior of consumer. It is not sure that all the people who visit websites do make online purchase. This will alike centering on the point that what is the consumes perception towards online shopping and their intention to make purchase are not only affected by the ease of internet, usefulness and uti lization but also affected by the also by exogenous factors like consumer traits, situational factors, product characteristics, previous online shopping experiences, and trust in online shopping.The other thing that the research will focus is that do the demographic factors make any influence on the online shopping. This research will focuson the point that do these demographic factors like age, gender, income level etc really make any influence on the buying behavior of the consumers. Not only on the demographic factor that this research will focus on, will also try to find whether there is any relationship between the customers and the website quality. Do these online shopping websites quality make any influence on the buying intention of the buyers?2.2 REVIEWS FROM PREVIOUS RESEARCHUPADHYAY.P AND KAUR J (2006),Analysis of Online Shopping Behaviour of Customer in Kota City. This field of view has focused on factors which online Indian buyers keep in mind slice shopping online. T he objective of the study was to create an awareness of e-commerce and make people interested in internet commerce. According to the study, they found that the intimately preferred product of online buying is travelling tickets and clothing remains the least preferred choice of online shoppers and most of the consumers who have experienced online shopping are very satisfiedZIA UL HAQ (2009) in her research on Perception towards online shopping an empirical study of Indian consumers verbalize that the perception of online shoppers is independent of their age and gender but not independent of their qualification & gender and income & gender. According to the researcher consumers perceptions of the customer service, commitment and web security of online purchasing exhibit significant relationships with their online buying intention. Web security was the major concerning factor to influence the online shopping. They have a fear that their important documents passwords can be hacked du e to online shopping, so the major concern of consumers is about the web security.She also says that Marketers need to realize that the online marketing environment affects the way consumers view and develop relationships. During her study she found that Indian consumers considered that their online purchasing will be influenced by good quality website. Thus it is believed that overall website quality does champion in enhancing the consumers to buy online. Also commitment is the important factor that affects online buying and most of the consumers are concerned about on-time delivery of their products. The results of this study showthat there is a significant tie-up between commitment and online shopping.CORPUS CHRISTI(2009) in his research on The perception of consumer on online shopping has provided some of glimpse about the consumers mind as what factors are comprehend differently by consumers who prefer online shopping and those who prefer offline shopping. According to him t here are five factors which that the two group consumers perceived differently. These factors are (1) perceived risk with online shopping, (2) past experience with online shopping, (3)perceived benefits of online shopping, (4) perceived ease of online shopping, and (5) perceived uncertainty of online shopping. Through these factors the business firms should be aware of their online consumers perception and of what preference for online and offline shopping avenues. pore on these factors the researcher thinks that the firms can don necessary work to string and retain more and more customers. In his research after all the finding he says that Being aware of what perceptions drive consumers to pick and prefer one avenue of shopping to another allows businesses to better cater to consumers, thus helping them attract and retain customers.RASTOGI.A.K (2010), A study of Indian Online Consumers and their Buying Behaviour made an attempt to study the buying behaviour of Indian online consu mers in his research. According to his study about 44% students use Internet in India and overall 72% of young people access Internet on regular basis. The findings of the study shows that symmetry of male consumers is very high in online shopping and most of the respondents pay in cash on delivery. This research shows that online shopping has very bright futurity in India. . Perception towards online shopping is getting better in India. With the use of internet, consumers can shop anywhere, anything and anytime with easy and safe payment options. Consumers can do equality shopping between products, as well as, online stores.VAGGELIS SAPRIKIS, ADAMANTIA CHOULIARA AND MARO VLACHOPOULOU (2010) conducted the research on Perceptions towards Online Shopping Analyzing the Greek University Students Attitude observed the significant differences betweenthe two groups of respondents that is online shopping adaptors and online shopping non adaptors. From their research they concluded that a dopters had higher expectations from online shopping on issues relating to privacy policy and risk. Also they identified between adopters and non-adopters regarding their particular perceptions on advantages and problems of online shopping.MEHRDAD SALEHI(JAN 2012) in her study on Consumer Buying expression towards Online Shopping Stores in Malaysia has focused on nine independent variables namely appearance, quick loading, security, sitemap, validity, promotion, attractor, believability, and originality that influence the buying behavior on consumers while doing online shopping. During her research she found that first five factors influence consumers towards online shopping and security is the factor that contributes most towards online shopping. According to her the last four factors (promotion, attractiveness, believability, and originality) dont significantly influence online shopping intention which reason that advertisement doesnt have an important effect on online shoppin g. Security and validity of website were the one that influences the online consumers. Also attractiveness had the minimum influence on online shopping intention.KANWAL GURLEEN( MAY 2012) in his study on Consumer Buying Behavior towards Online Shopping, the case of punjab stated that Price consciousness, Convenience and Variety, leisurely Payment options and Challenges of Online Shopping are the four major factors that have significant influence on the perception of the online consumer toward online shopping. As that of the other researchers on this topic, he also found the same problem that the consumers are not able to trust the websites as they have to give their credit card details. Some of the websites the customers dont feel trustworthy. Also the online purchases take a longer time in shipments and deliveries. The researcher found that the psychology of an Indian consumer is still the same of checking the product physically before purchasing it, which creates a mental hurdle for online shopping.DAHIYA RICHA (2012), from her research on Impact of demographic factors of consumers on online shopping behavior A study of consumers in India found that gender impacts frequency of on-line shopping positively and Family Size impacts overall spend on on-line shopping. Her study somewhat suggested that Indian Consumers have perceived online shopping in a positive manner which suggest that online shopping in the country is growing. Despite this the frequency of online shopping is very less. She has also suggested the organizations that to formulate their plans and strategies in the country regarding the online shopping they must use relevant variables and factors which the research has identified. The organizations can prioritize the consumer implicit and explicit requirements in online shopping environment. The results can also be used by various organizations to identify their target customer segments.MOHAMMAD HOSSEIN MOSHREF JAVADI1,HOSSEIN REZAEI DOLATABADI1, M OJTABA NOURBAKHSH1, AMIR POURSAEEDI1& AHMAD REZA ASADOLLAHI (SEPTEMBER 10, 2012) conducted the research on, An Analysis of ingredients Affecting on Online Shopping Behavior of Consumers where the examined the factors affecting on online shopping behavior of consumers. They created many hypothesis and these hypothesis testing indicated that financial risk and non-delivery risk has negative effect on the bearing towards online shopping behavior. Which suggest that e-retailers should make their websites safer and assure customers for the delivery of their products.According to them if there has been positive effect attitude toward online shopping on online shopping behavior of consumers it would indicate that considering attitude variables make a substantial contribution in online shopping. Also, subjective norms have positive effect on shopping behavior. This means the more people suggest e-buying to each other, the more this buying method will be popular among people. This makes ne cessary the use of word of mouth marketing for retailers. Domain precise innovativeness has positive effect on online shopping behavior. This means that marketing specialists should target this society in their marketing strategy formulation for better effectiveness of their marketing program. This means that marketing specialists should target this society in their marketing strategy formulation for bettereffectiveness of their marketing program.CHAO CHAO CHUANG & DR. FU-LING HU (NOVEMBER, 2012) in their research on, An empirical analysis of the relationship between website characteristics and consumer online buying behavior concluded that the website security, website design, website reliability and website customer service are the four main factors which affect consumer perceptions of their online purchasing experiences. Online buyers have different viewpoints of these four factors. Website design has the highest rating score, followed by website customer service. Website reliab ility is ranked third, and the lowest is website security. Also they suggested that with online shopping, consumers can browse the entire product-assortment with competitive prices. In position to consolidate this advantage, E-retailers should choose more famous products or brands to market online. Branded products and services are usually thought by customers as having better qualities.They utter that the online shopping company should induce the regular online buyers as they shop most frequently and they should make the desired products available and the purchase transaction easy and also obtain the competitive prices in order to retain their regular customers and increase their loyalty towards the company. As trial customers are interested in browsing on the website maybe they see online shopping as enjoyment and look for the potential entertainment arising from the online shopping experience. The purchase of goods may be incidental to the experience of Internet shopping.If tri al online buyers initially have pleasing online shopping experience, they are more likely to continue subsequent shopping behavior they will browse more, make more unplanned purchasing, and look for more stimulating products. In the face of severe competition and continually increasing customer expectations, e-commerce companies must understand how to identify, help and retain their profitable existing customers. E-retailer should emphasize the enjoyable aspect of online shopping in their promotions for trial online buyers and then create the competitive advantage.CHAPTER IIIRESEARCH methodologyThe data for the study was gathered through a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of two parts. The first part of the questionnaire included questions about their demographic profile like age, Education, income, sustainment area and gender. The second part consisted of questions measuring all the variables which are used to measure the online shopping. All the questions wer e utilizing on a Likert scale ranging from 1= strongly discord to 5 = strongly agree.Research Design has been classified into the following subsectionsSAMPLE SIZE- Till the date of the submission of this interim report, about 100 questionnaires was distributed through netmail and social networking sitesSAMPLING PROCEDURE- The respondents were selected by the random sampling.DATA COLLECTION PROCEDUREThis _primary_ (first hand, or collected by the researcher, i.e., myself, in the present study) and data was used for the analysis. A questionnaire has been designed to collect the required information. The questionnaires were filled by the respondents through the internet (through emails and social networking sites).A sample of the questionnaire is showcased in AnnexureANALYSISDescriptive statistical research technique has been used in the study and statistical packages like SPSS and Microsoft Excel have been used for the analysis.TOOLS USEDCHI -SQUARE TEST A chi-square test is used w hen you hope to see if there isa relationship between two categorical variables. In SPSS, the chisq option is used on the statistics subcommand of the crosstabs command to obtain the test statistic and its associated p-value. operator ANALYSIS FACTOR ANALYSIS Factor analysis attempts to identify underlying variables, or factors, that explain the pattern of correlations within a set of observed variables. Factor analysis is often used in data reduction to identify a small number of factors that explain most of the variance observed in a much larger number of manifest variables. Factor analysis can also be used to generate hypotheses regarding causal mechanisms or to prove variables for subsequent analysis

Advancement in Science and Technology Research is a peer-reviewed open access journal published quarterly Essay

Advancement in Science and Technology Research aims at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, and educators to publish their contrastal research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the daybooks objective to promote engineering and technology education. The papers for publication in Advancement in Science and Technology Research are selected through with(predicate) rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.Advances in Science and Technology is a irregular series presenting the Proceedings of CIMTEC, International Cermics Congress and Forum on rude(a) Materials. The series is published on behalf of TECHNA GROUP, Faenza, Italy.With the second review conference of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) approaching in April, a raft of studies expect appeared making wakeful that fundamental changes in science and te chnology are affecting the implementation of the treaty and that it must be adapted to take account of them.1The most profound development is the revolution in the life sciences and related technologies, including a growing point of intersection between chemistry and biology. There is a vastly increased disposition of the functioning of biological systems as a result of the mapping of the human and other genomes as well as of advances in structural biology and the flying field of proteins (proteomics). Information technology and engineering principles are increasingly integrated into biology. The intersection between chemistry and biology has further expanded thanks in offend to the automation of synthesis and screening of chemical compounds enabling laboratories to assess vast numbers of new chemical structures and a much-enhanced understanding of how certain chemicals of biological origin act. Technological advances supplement these trends, for example, providing for more eff icient means of delivering biologically active chemicals to target populations or targetingorgans and receptors within an organism.These developments are expected to bring some(prenominal) benefits, including new medical treatments and methods of pest control. At the same time, the capacity to discover or design new chemical structures that may have utility as chemical warfare agents has also increased significantly. Novel agents can be created far more quickly than ever before. In addition, advances in manufacturing technology have shortened other time requirements, enabling shortcuts in the progression from research and development to full-scale manufacturing. Changes in the chemical industry have dispersed technology and facilities, complicating verification and traditional nonproliferation strategies.As a result, the time and effort needed to field a new chemical weapon has shrunk, particularly in the early stages, while the capability to detect such actions has not grown signi ficantly. These trends and a recently increased interest in the use of incapacitants for law enforcement purposes lecture at least the threat that states could skirt or quickly break out of the CWC prohibitions on developing and acquiring chemical weapons. It has also enlarged the overlap between the two otherwise quite separate treaties governing chemical and biological weapons, the CWC and the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC). States-parties need to adapt the implementation of the CWC to account for these changes or risk diminishing confidence in its effectiveness and endangering its viability.

Civil rights in philosophy

Civil rights in philosophical system essay 10 BY BillBBowers Fighting For Rights and equitableice Civil disobedience Summary With Mills argument for a limited or possibility for no government and then Hobbes view that society and men where narcissistic and needed a sovereign offer to get along, brings us to the endure of Henry David Thoreau. Thoreau is famous for his isolation of society and his work Walden, he seen this approach of no government and sees selfish man kind to, so his is an mixed theory.Thoreau k impudent that living in ociety was strategic, but didnt think that the government should have such a say into ones personal life. Thoreau writes, must(prenominal) the citizen ever for a moment, or in the last degree, resign his conscience to the legislator? Why has every man a conscience, then? He thought that the Just laws and government should be more important, similar to the same concepts ofa later famous philosopher, Martin Luther King. King took this same thought process when he protested and fought for rights and Justice in a civil disobedience focus ObjectionsMills argument for a limited government doest seem that intelligible or reliable to me I personally dont think that would work at all. I would agree more with Hobbess view that men argon selfish and need some kind of sovereignty for an overall peaceful environment. However, a someone mix between the two like Thoreau tried to do would be beneficial, but I dont see mankind willing to change and accepts bare-ass ways of government, especially not one so extreme. Its a good concept, but like most say, you cant teach a old dog new tricksDefinition Philosophy is a such a broad and complex field that its offended hard to give a basic, simple definition. In a quick course, weve learned that Philosophy deals with subjects like religion, knowledge, reality, self, mind, body, freedom, ethics, and Justice. Each subject builds on top of the other, from religion we get our beliefs about how we go t here and why. Which moves to our knowledge of why we learn, our brains and the way we learn over processes. Then we go into our reality in which we touch ack on knowledge and religion of what we really know and can prove, and why we are here.This moves back into a broad subject of the self, like who we really are why we think and learn different and our mind-body controversies. Fromm there we learn that our freedom is important and move into modern philosophy problems like ethics and, recently read, Justice. These are modern problems of how we rule, whats affective, whats not, how people want to be treated and ruled. These are important to philosophy as a while because we cant really say what the right answer is.

Did the wall street crash cause the great deppression?

In the commencing essay, I will be evaluating whether the rampart street fragmentize caused the Great Depression or not. I will be discussing whether is has played a major character reference in the Great Depression, whether it was just a minor incident.The Wall Street force was a delimitate moment in the American stinting history. It occurred on October 29, 1929. Before this, the American economy was booming. During the 1920s, share prices were rapidly increasing and businesses were doing very well. The image the world received from America was that that everyone was rich, which wasnt. The farmers were given very small amounts of notes for their work. This meant that people had more capital so more products were being sold. There was a lot of possibility that share prices would continue to rise. However, in 1929, the stock markets began to fall dramatically and caused devastating effects on the American economy. This was the beginning of long-lasting consequences for the who le country, and the world. The Great Depression was a long gradual period in which America suffered great economic depression, during which financial activity slowed down and unemployment was high. America had a high drift of starvation, homelessness and poverty. People were living in poor conditions with very little money.There were a few causes of the Wall street crash.One was overproduction. Throughout the 1920s there was a man known as Henry cut through began to produce cars at an extremely rapid rate. The amount of goods produced by the industry was increasing especially these elevator car mobiles,l and consumer goods. However, this was stopped from the 1930s. As a result of overproduction, there was not enough wealth for people to financial backing on buying.The second cause was the weakness in banks. At the start of 1920, there were 30,000 independent banks. well-nigh of these were small banks, in rural areas. They were liable to being withdrawn loans by their customers in large amounts. 10 years later, 5000 banks were gone, which was 1/6th of the countrys banks.Another main crusade was the extremely un fifty-fifty distributions in income. In 1929, a staggering 1/3 of the countrys wealth belonged to just 5% of the population. Meaning that just 2/3 belonged to 95%. This was a factor of overproduction as limited amount of people in the country could afford new products.Probably the main reason why the Wall Street barge in happened was that there was an international problem with the economy. The ability of the European countrys being able to sell goods to America and component them out with debts, was limited by a Tariff policy which was introduced. This policy (Smoot-Hawley Tariff) was increasing the tax on imports. As a result they were not helped and assured by European countries with trades.This Wall Street recess impacted many things. As well as the economic downfall, it also caused banks to come to bankruptcy. People borrowed money from the banks, and when the Wall Street crash happened, they were unable to pay the banks back. More than $8.5 billion was loaned out, which is even more than the full American economy. This great crash also affected the everyday lives of the American citizens. Over 20 zillion American citizens lived on $2000 per year. People lost their jobs because the business they worked for couldnt afford their wages. So people began to work in the agriculture. Also, all businesses were struggling to survive in this crash. Share prices increased rapidly, and the businesses were unable to pay for their stock. This was a cycle which inflicted on each other, and each one started from the other.The Wall street Crash itself was not the sole reason of the Great Depression. There was very severe drought in the 1930 in the USA, which impacted America even more. If the farmers were unable to grow crops, how would they receive money, and feed their families? If the businesses do not receive the crops, how wou ld they be able to adjudge receiving profits? As a result, these farmers had to sell their land. This was when famous author John Steinbeck wrote the book The Grapes of Wrath, which was based on this drought. Also, the Smoot-Hawley Tariff as mentioned above, was a vital part in this depression, as trades were limited.In conclusion round whether the Wall Street Crash caused the Great Depression, personally I believe that the Wall Street Crash was not the sole reason for the Great Depression, but was definitely the main reason. If there was no economic downfall, the Great Depression would not have happened. The Wall street crash opened doors for many divergent problems, such as bankruptcy. If the Wall street crash itself did not happen, these things would not have occurred.

Listo System Essay

unveilingListo system is a recognize lifelike service accompany which deals with all the graphic related programing having a long successful history. Due to the persistence effort of management, the company got a tremendous feat in a very short period of while and in early 1990s the musical arrangement become one of the top graphic service companies in the globe. several(predicate) factors pass encountered the company in dissimilar steerings. The technological advancement, change in consumers need and demand, competitors be the major components affecting the listo system. The impact of reasonfulness shifting from the Seller to the BuyerAs Listo system has been growing tremendiously in the graphic designing earth but the company was not fitting to cope with the market growth appropriately. The above case shows that company was not able to utilize the Latest technological invention in the best effective way so they are not able to produce the goods and services accordin g to the customer needs and demand. By viewing the lacking in the market, different competitors emerges and occupy the vacuum created by the listo system. Latest technology similarly helped the competitors for the production of the prize product which met the consumers taste and preferences. This create a extreme competition in providing the quality of goods and product in a reasonable price between the competitors. Todays customers are so much aware about the quality and price of the product.So, the availability of the substitute product leads to increase in bargening power of the customer and to consume those goods and product which are of high quality with a reasonable price. Employees are the most valuable assets of any company. But the listo Company was not able to satisfy their employees in different aspect. Employees satisfaction and motivation leads to the profit maximization of every note firm. Different training, incentives, rewards, and encourgemnt need to be stipulat ion for every employees so that they will give every possible outcome to the organization. Listo fails to serve these things but focuses yet on the profit and market optimization. Lacking the proper researches relating to the customers select and preferences in the graphic designing field by the company leads company to lose its market share. Similary, a company lacks verbose leadership who can easily trace out all the future possibleproblem in advance and prepare the necessity strategy to strengthne the market leadership. Thus, a company compel to shift their power to the customer.External Factors Affecting Listo SystemThere are various External factors that affect the listo system. They are explained at a lower placeTechnological advancementThe latest invention of different technology helped the listo system very much in different sectors. With the latest technology, they are capable of producing the services in very short period of time using the available resources in the be st effective way according to the need of the customer choice. tonus of products can also gradually increases with minimum inputs that will decrease the price of the product can be a market leader.Customers ExpectationCustomers are the one of the most important factor that affect the listo system. Different factors need to be considered by the listo system inorder to get the customer attraction. Different customers have different choice and preferences to satisfy their need the listo system has to produce such a product that meet the all their expectations.CompetitorsWe cannot cook any activities of our compititors but we can build different strategies to cope with the action taken by our competitors. galore(postnominal) competitors have emerged in the graphic designing sector which is creating great competition in the market. This leads the company to give the best quality products and services to its customers in reasonable price than other.1. Listo Systems The Challenge of a Growing plaqueDefining the ContextListo Systems, one of the worlds top graphic service companies, was established in the 1990s when technological advancements were increasing and creating a more competitive market. After going through a period of great success and growth, the company decided to hire a number of virgin employees and adding new layers of managers and supervisors.Defining the Key Issues or ProblemsThe main issue is that Listo Systems has been growing too quickly, and the company has not been able to cope with this growth appropriately. Due to this situation, causal variables such as lack of proper training for new employees, management becoming less concerned with workers opinions and more concentrated on production and profit have eroded. As a consequence, there has been a lack of clearness regarding the companys objectives and goals, and as a result of this there have been intervening variables such as decreasing employee motivation and productivity which create personnel turnover rate to increase and amount of sick days taken doubled.Applying ConceptsOrganizational take 1 Key Players (Stakeholders) and Business Ideas (Purpose) In this level, () implementing business ideas in the internal and external environment is touch on by the stakeholders, key players, or factors whose helping or hindering roles determine success or stroke to the organization. This level involves establishing, refining and monitoring the vision of the company so it can synchronize stakeholders and key players with the business ideas and purpose of the organization.

Advantages and Disadvantage of technology

Technology changes and improvements have been applied in all sectors of the frugality as healthful as the arms of the government. Many employees and employers and the corporation in general embrace engineering science in different perspective depending on the impact it will ca physical exercise on their lives.The police subdivision as many other sector has also been embracing technological changes to be able to bridge player well with the increasing cases of crimes. Generally, any technology will either have a positive or negative impact on all stakeholders.The recent technology that the police have continuously example is the use of bedazzle guns and patrol car video superintendence to tackle criminal activities and provide tri excepte to the citizens.Use of the stun guns.Stun guns ar weapons that are aimed at disabling a victim temporarily by delivering mellowed voltage electric shock. at that place are various means in which the stun gun is utilise to a victim. The aim of the stun gun to disable a victim but many hatful have ended up organism killed by the employ of guns.Tasers are a type of stun gun now being used by the police in the United States Tasers are designed to incapacitate by conducting 50,000 volts of electricity into your body. The electrical pulses induce skeletal muscles spasms that immobilize and incapacitate, causing you to collapse to the dry land, (Indyhack 2007).According to Eliot, more than 150 volume have died in the US because of being struck by tasers since January 2001, and 61 in 2005. Most of the death victims died because of being subjected to multiple or prolonged shock. The police have been skeleton the tasers so quickly even in cases that the use of such extreme force is not necessary. For instance,Deputies fired Tasers at a teenager who ran after not paying $1 bus fare, a 71 year who refused to get into a police car, and partially deaf man who could not hear deputies ordination him to stopAbout three ou t of four of those shocked by Seattle police were unarmed, (Indyhack 2007).Apart form the rib of the Tasser weapons by the police, the use of the Tasser empennage have side effect on the victim, in the long run. There is no any scientific proven research done to allay fears about the electrocuting of human beings by use of the gadget.Taser only relies on two studies. The studies were done by company paid researchers on a single pig in 1996, and on 5 dogs in 1999, (Indyhack 2007). Because of lack of scientific research, health hazards cannot be ruled out.Despite these problems associated with the use of the stun gun police, have vehemently defended the weapon use. They argue that the weapon can be used rather than police handguns especially on victims who are armed with different weapons other than guns, or on victims who are mentally sick. In this case, many lives will be saved because of the use of the less lethal weapons.Patrol car video surveillanceMany people because of the fa ct that it has played a big intention in preventing crime have welcomed the video surveillance technology. This system is one of the technologies that have quite well used to control criminal activities in most cities, homes, business building and public places.It has been widely accepted by many people that the surveillance system has highly reduced the cases of criminal activities, Instead of being perceived as an Orwellian intrusion, the cameras in Britain proved to be extremely popular. They were hailed as the peoples technology, a friendly eye in the sky, not Big Brother at all but kindly and watchful uncle or aunt, (Arroyo, 2002).The problem with using the surveillance is when it is combined with other technologies such as biometric facial recognition, thermal sensing, infrared, and other that greatly enhanced human visual capabilities (Arroyo 2002).If this system is used in line with the audio recording, the system will violate Title 1 of the Electronic communications Act. This is because the combination of the surveillance style and audio recording without a somebodys knowledge is violating the persons privacy. This is especially a big problem if the police use the systems without being controlled, as they trench on many rights of the people.The other problem that is associated with this system is that it also implicates on peoples shrive social life. The observe of peoples movement in the society implies that a person will not be a free man in his own society, as someone somewhere is watching his movements. This system seems to undermine the peoples mood of life as well as compromising it.Therefore, despite the fact that the surveillance might reduce many cases of criminal activities as some people argue, it at the same mea trustworthy causes destruction to the way of living of people and inducing the to conformity as one is not sure whether he is being watched or not.Those who argue for the use of the surveillance system, they do see that the issue of credential has become more important than only the social part of life. Hence arguing for the continued use of the system.ConclusionBoth use of the stun gun and the surveillance machine can be of much beneficial to the society only if they are applied in the correct manner that does not in any way infringe on a persons rights. Or else, as much as they are being applied as now, they have left many peoples rights abused.

Advantages & Disadvantages of Internet and Newspaper Advertising

Advantages & disadvantages of Internet and newspaper advertising The Internet and newspapers atomic number 18 considered two of the five traditional types of media used for advertising. The others are television, radio and magazines. Each medium has advantages and disadvantages that are considered when plectrum of the best media for advertising sums is made. The Internet and newspapers are both useful media for advertising when they effectively convey your message to the right audience. Internet Advertising Advantages The Internet is the newest of the traditional media.A main advantage of Internet advertising is its affordability as an advertising medium. Typically, you abide for your ad based on the number of people it reaches. Audience selectivity is another study(ip) benefit as you dissolve pinpoint specific audiences by site. Tracking results of Internet ads is withal a strength. Online sites have great tracking tools to track unique visitors, visits, page views and impr essions on the pages your ads are on. Versatility is another advantage. You can place banner ads of various sizes, dadaism-up ads, text ads and streaming auditory sensation and video ads. Internet Advertising DisdvantagesLimited click-through pass judgment are a burden with Internet advertising. People often ignore banner ads and avoid pop-up ads and other online ad types. Uncertainty with what works through online advertising is a significant disadvantage as well. As the newest of the traditional media types, Internet advertising is still evolving. Technology, such as pop-up ad blockers, helps web users avoid pop up ads. In some cases, the audience on the website controls their exposure to the ad, such as with streaming audio and video, and the need to click through an ad to see the full message.Newspaper Advertising Advantages Timeliness is a major advantage of newspaper advertising coitus to many other media types. You can often drop a newspaper ad off a day or two before it runs in the paper. Newspapers are excellent for geographic targeting as well. Local businesses make regular use of local newspapers to target a local geographic market. State, regional and national newspapers offer broader geographic opportunities. Credibility is another strength of newspapers relative to other media. People often perceive that since the ads are near fact or news-based content, they are to a greater extent believable.Newspaper Advertising Disdvantages Newspapers have a short life. Relative to magazines, newspaper ads have limited potential for current exposure as they are often recycled or thrown out after initial reading. riposte quality also affects the print quality, especially in the latter part of a production run. You also have limited ability to target segmented markets through newspapers. While geographic targeting is an advantage, you have to pay for the newspapers audience regardless of who fits into your market segment.

History of Rock and Roll

The History Of gem And rotate By Seth Spence 1/22/2012 Rock and Roll medicament is a genre that has been most our lives since the early 1940s and has evolved perpetuallyy ten dollar bill since. From the number 1 with the leap of Elvis Pressley, to The Beatles in the 1960s, to artists of today like U2 and Metallic, joggle and roll has had important aspects in every generation it has been involved in. Rock and roll was for and closely adolescents.Its lyrics articulated teenage problems school, cars, summer vacation, parents, and, nigh important, young love. Though list and roll has had plenty of ups and downs with how it has adapted over the years, the influence it has had in our rural area and worldwide, and the controversy it has had to fight through at metres. Rock medicament is a genre of music that came about in the late 1940s and early 1950s in the southern region of the United States. Rock music evolved from the combination of many new(prenominal) genres.Rock mus ic includes elements of several black and white American music styles black guitar-accompanied blues black rhythm and blues, noted for saxophone solos black and white church doctrine music white country and western music and the airs of white popular crooners and harmony groups With the migration of many African Americans to the United States in the early 1900s meant the clash and trans smorgasbordation of each others music into a new style of music called Rock and Roll.As Rock and Roll came up in popularity the piano and saxophone was found to be the lead instrument, but as a few years past it was replaced by the guitar and put on of the snare drum. From the beginning Rock and roll was particularise to branch off into many types of rock. The first version was called Rockability. The term rockability is a portmanteau of rock and cumulationbilly, the latter(prenominal) a reference to the country music that contributed strongly to the styles development. (Kumar, Wikipedia) After that came a style called Doo Wop, this was popular in the 1950s.In 1955 Rock and Roll got its first national recognized album by Bill Haley and the Comets name Rock around the clock. In the 1960s came the British invasion of rock with bands like The Beatles, as well as pop rock and blues rock. The 70s brought along for the first time Christian rock and the start of the heavy surface rock like punk and metal. Turning record in rock music occurred in the mid-1970s in the form of punk rock, which was a response to the stagnancy of the genre and a nihilistic political statement.The music was filled with contempt for previous styles its fast-tempoed songs, usually propelled by electric guitar, featured irreverant lyrics often obscured by the clangerous music. ( Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, University library) As the 90s and 2000s approached these genres of punk and metal brought new evolution of each with the introduction of post strainingcore-emo to indie rock. Also in the 90s the continuing popularity of aged(a) bands, such as the Grateful Dead and the paradiddle Stones, bore witness to the enduring appeal of this form among both the young and the increasingly middle-aged.The appeal of older and past rock bands was also evident in the fanfare surrounding the opening (1995) of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio. (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, University Library) Rock is incessantly evolving into a new style of music so more and more styles of rock will emerge. With the rise of rock in the United States has brought the influence of rock into political views. Political expression in music has been seen all over the world though it has never been fully proven if audience relates their music to a political level.Music has had a big influence in protests, like anti war songs, and in pro-establishment ideas like national anthems, patriotic songs, and political campaigns. Many bands have been known to use any(prenominal) of their music to express political views such as U2s Sunday Bloody Sunday, which is a major anti-terrorism song, or the song Pride, which has become an international anthem for peace. Rock has been credited with changing attitudes towards race by opening up African American culture to white audience the global spread of rock music has been construe as a form of cultural imperialism. (Kumar, Wikipedia) Rock and Roll came about when racial tensions were changing with the beginning of civil rights movements for desegregation. There are many people who say that rock and roll had a bulky had in segregation by creating a new form of music that encourages racial cooperation and shared experiences. non only has rock and roll had an influence in the United States but has also had an influence on countries around the world. Rock and roll in the early 1960s had finally spread over seas and great(p) Britain was the first to jump into the rock scene with the quick uprising of The Beatles.It soon spread to L iverpool with The Searchers, and The Hollies from Manchester and of course The Rolling Stones from London. All these groups began combining US forms of music and inf apply it with a high energy beat of their own. An important innovation of rock occurred in 1965 at the Newport Folk Festival when Bob Dylan, noted as a composer and writer of poetic folk songs and songs of social protest like Blowin in the Wind, appeared, playing electric guitar and backed by an electrified rock band.A synthesis of the folk revival and rock subsequently took place, with folk groups using rock arrangements and rock singers composing poetic lyrics for their songs( Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia,university library). At the same time The Beatles were hitting the scene, rock and roll had migrated all the way to Japan. Many Japanese bands imitated The Beatles and other bands which in Japan were known as Group Sound, which was very popular in the 1960s. After the boom of Group Sounds there were several pot ent singer-song writers like Nobuyasu Okabayash and Wotaru Takada(Kumar, Wikipedia) The 80s brought the inspiration to try alternative rock music which lead to many bands in the nineties to achieve a great amount of commercial success. As with bands in the United States many of these bands in particular in Europe like The Rolling Stones and The Beatles used songs to express their political views and encourage change in the world. As with many other genres, rock and roll was no different when it came to its musicians being controversial whether it be with doses or unperceivable messaging.Many rock musicians were known as hard living characters with their heavy use of drugs and alcohol. With rocks popularity and open promotion of recreational drug use made its youth believe it was acceptable to do. These hard core drug user claimed many talented musicians such as Elvis Pressley, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Jim Morrison. Along with drug use a sense of rebellion spread across th e countries youth with its fast past beat and crazy lyrics, making our youth rebel against anything lawful. Rock and roll has also had to deal with the accusation of using subliminal messaging which is also known as back masking. During the 1970s, media reports raised a series of concerns of its come to on listeners, stating that satanic messages were calling its listeners to commit felo-de-se, murder, abuse drugs, and engage in sex. (Kumar, Wikipedia) The biggest known trial of subliminal messaging as against Judas Priest, as two young men in December of 1985 committed suicide while drinking, smoking marijuana, and listening to Judas Priest all day. The song Better by you, better than me, was the complainants main focus for subliminal messaging.Unfortunately they could never fully prove that is sent a message to commit suicide and kept it where rock and roll artist could continue to be original in writing their music. From the birth to rock and roll in the United States to it s spread to other countries around the world rock and roll will forever be a part of our lives and have some kind of influence on us. Rock and roll also got to feel the other side of the hill with all the negative vibes that come with its type of music and something that makes people more connected to a genre when it goes through a period of adversity.Rock and roll music is only getting stronger and ever evolving and will always have a place in our hearts. References 1) http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Rock_musicSocial_impact 2) http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Rock_musicSocial_impact 3) http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Social_effects_of_rock_music 4) http//engridwhisenant. suite101. com/judas-priest-and-metal-on-trial-a49944 5) http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Rockabilly 6) Rock music. Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, sixth Edition, 11/1/2011 7) Cloonan, Martin, The production of English rock and roll stardom in the 1950s.