Factors That Influence Consumer Behaviour Patterns

Variables That Influence Consumer Behavior Patterns Presentation Shopper conduct is a muddled and assorted zone of study. Since advertising depends on recognizing, envisioning and giving client needs it is imperative to get them. There are two overwhelming sorts of purchasing: purchaser purchasing, which comprises of purchasing items for individual use, and authoritative purchasing, which includes purchasing for hierarchical purposes. For advertisers to fulfill buyer needs more completely than contenders it is essential to perceive the components that impact purchasing. This report will recognize the primary elements impacting shopper personal conduct standards, especially when buying design things. It will look at how purchaser attributes impact purchaser conduct and furthermore how retailers respond to such qualities. Specifically this report will take a gander at the social variables, segment factors and mental components that impact shopper purchasing. Substance 1.0 Introduction 1 2.0 Methodology 2 3.0 Cultural Factors 3 3.1 Reference bunches 4 3.2 Sub-culture 5 3.3 Social class 6 4.0 Demographical Factors 7 4.1 The Life Cycle Stage 8 5.0 Psychological Factors 9 5.1 Lifestyle Variables 10 5.2 Perception and Motivation 11 5.3 Personality 12 6.0 Market Segmentation, Target Marketing and Product Positioning 13 7.0 Conclusion 14 8.0 Appendix 1 15, 16 8.1 Appendix 2 17 8.2 Appendix 3 18 9.0 References 19 10.0 Bibliography 20 2.0 Methodology All examination attempted for this was is optional. It was led between the dates of Monday sixteenth February 2004 and Thursday eleventh March 2004. The fundamental research databases utilized were: Mintel Emerald The fundamental books utilized were: Lancaster, G, Massingham, L, and Ashford, R (2002). Basics of Marketing: Understanding the Behavior of Customers. fourth version. McGraw-Hill Education. Chisnall, P (1975). Promoting: A Behavioral Analysis. first version. McGraw-Hill Book Company (UK) Limited. Williams, K (1981). Conduct Aspects of Marketing. first version. Butterworth Heinemann. The Internet and databases utilized were gotten to secretly and furthermore from the University of East London library, Docklands grounds. Books were acquired from this library also. 3.0 Cultural Factors Culture influences purchaser conduct in an assortment of ways. It identifies with customs and convictions that are found out from the general public wherein an individual grows up. Culture is a tremendous territory of study that frequently has indistinct limits and vacillates in level of affecting customers. Parts of our socio-culture, for example, sub-culture, social class and reference bunches assume various jobs in impacting shoppers. A typical example of conduct can be seen inside gatherings. Social change happens at an exceptionally moderate pace and can be seen to advertisers as dangers or openings. Social components that impact buyer conduct can likewise be supposed to be ecological impacts. 3.1 Reference gatherings A reference bunch is one that the individual will in general use as the grapple point for assessing his/her own convictions and perspectives, (American Marketing Association, 2004) There are a wide range of sorts of reference gatherings, which may impact perspectives, conduct and mental self portrait. Essential reference bunches are those that an individual has nonstop contact with, they may comprise of family, companions, partners and so forth, and they hold the most grounded impact over the person. In auxiliary reference bunches the individual has less contact, for example, an exercises club, yet at the same time feels strain to adjust. Optimistic gatherings have minimal contact with the individual, yet the individual despite everything endeavors to get comparative. VIP supports could be supposed to be optimistic gatherings. In any case with respect to whether an individual is, or tries to turn into an individual from a specific gathering, the gathering can at present impact the people esteems, perspectives and personal conduct standards. The impact a reference bunch hangs on an individual can be viewed as positive, negative or both. A genuine case of essential reference bunches is the road groups in Manchester. Moran (2004) composes of the groups of young people where individuals must dress as per the code of their posse. The posses can be recognized through wearing hooded tops, handkerchiefs, balaclavas and gold chains. In any case, the Manchester Magistrates Court has prohibited four individuals from a group from wearing hooded tops, handkerchiefs and balaclavas trying to make them look less compromising and weaken the posse clothing standards. Individuals and people who are affected by the groups are trying to accommodate, almost certain buy things of dress, for example, hooded tops and handkerchiefs. Figure 1 exhibits the presence of a run of the mill posse part. Sub-culture A sub-culture could be characterized as a gathering of people whose convictions, qualities and conduct vary from that of the prevalent culture. There are a wide range of sub societies that are regularly alluded to as fragments. A few instances of subcultures include: nationality gatherings, strict gatherings, geographic gatherings and age gatherings. Sub-culture has a significant impact to advertisers as a result of their effect on brands and sorts of item and administrations requested by their individuals. Chisnall (1975) p.98. Mintel (2003) reports of a developing elegant youth sub-culture, in which outrageous games is the point of convergence. This culture is revolting endlessly from long working hours and overwhelming TV watching way of life. In this elective culture the intrigue and interest of extraordinary games has converged with music and garments. A solid accentuation of this culture can be seen through apparel and footwear specifically. Loose attire is a prevailing clothing standard. (See figure 2) Mintel gauges that customers burned through  £4.5 billion on outrageous games merchandise in 2003, an expansion of 29% on 1998. (See reference section 1, figure 3) Mintel likewise reports that degrees of dispensable wages have affected the ascent in outrageous games. Somewhere in the range of 1998 and 2003 expendable salaries have expanded by 21%. (See supplement 1, figure 4) korn 3.3 Social Class Inside each general public there exists a class structure. This alludes to people who share certain comparative attributes, for example, occupation, socialization, instruction and salary. The inflexibility of the class structure shifts significantly in various social orders. Britain could be said to have an open society, inside which it is anything but difficult to move starting with one class then onto the next. Nonetheless, less created nations, for example, Cambodia, where there is next to no possibility of social portability, could be supposed to be a shut society. Since individuals from a similar social class have the same attributes they will likewise display a comparative example of conduct. Social class assumes a major job in buyer conduct. It can impact where an individual shops, for example, advertise slows down, shopping centers or on the web, when and how regularly an individual shops, for example, consistently, week after week or month to month and what an individual shops for. The National Readership Survey has decided a mainstream and powerful characterization of social gatherings. (See supplement 2, figure 5). Williams, T (2002) analyzes shopper conduct corresponding to social class. In an investigation including 612 respondents it was discovered that salary doesnt have an immediate relationship with class in light of the fact that there are immense covers between earnings of various classes. For instance a specialist procuring  £30,000 a year would be white collar class while a block layer winning  £50,000 a year would stay common laborers. Anyway it was discovered that pay influences customer conduct inside the setting of social class. It was likewise discovered that training has an enormous bearing on shopper data preparing and dynamic. Increasingly taught buyers, for example, college graduates will in general be educated of market powers and openings than the school leaver. They read more, read various magazines, invest less energy sitting in front of the TV, depend less on surely understand brands and put additional time and exertion into buying choices. Fluctuating degrees of inf ormation and cognizance lead to various standards of conduct in dynamic procedures. 4.0 Demographical Factors Segment components, for example, age, sex, salary, instruction and occupation are for the most part singular factors that can essentially influence buyer conduct. These components impact the sort of item an individual may need, where the individual may shop and furthermore the buy assessment process. Segment factors are a portion of the central point focused in advertise division. As a people phase of life advances, so the will needs and needs of an item. To assist advertisers with making a more clear qualification between segment bunches for showcase division arrangement bases have been created. A Classification of Residential Neighborhoods (ACORN) is a famous geo-segment strategy utilized as a division base. Oak seed maps topographically the groupings of a specific sort of individual and can be valuable for helping advertisers choose store areas and focusing on direct mailing. The American Marketing Association (2004) takes a gander at of the ways of managing money among youngsters. From reviews completed in America its said that expanding measures of youngsters are attempting to look increasingly in vogue and elegant. Subsequently they are getting increasingly receptive to showcasing and going through more cash than any time in recent memory on attire. American young people matured 12 19 burned through $175 billion of every 2003 on garments, which is an expansion of $20 from 2000. Advertisers have gotten mindful of how naive young people are. They have responded by sectioning the adolescent and showcasing straightforwardly to them. Shops, for example, Urban Outfitters focus on the adolescent market by viewing their decisions cautiously to start the precedents. 4.1 The Life Cycle Stage An individual experiences different stages for an incredible duration. Each phase of life will influence what the purchaser needs and needs, the buy assessment procedure and volumes of use. Purchaser conduct o

Does CSR Help or Hinder a Company’s Performance?

Errand 4: (582 words) Write a writing survey for â€Å"Does CSR (corporate social obligation) help or upset a company’s execution? † This writing survey investigates the best in class in corporate social advancement inquire about. It quickly plots the fundamental topics in the corporate social obligation (CSR) banter hierarchical authenticity, moral decisions, partner cooperation, maintainable improvement radical and client driven development. The paper at that point surveys the significant objects of corporate social development singling out and eco advancements as key themes.It closes by breaking down how social advancement is sanctioned at every one of the four levels talked about in the initial segment. The discussion about CSR has been said to have started in the mid twentieth century, in the midst of developing worries about enormous companies and their capacity. The thoughts of good cause and stewardship assisted with forming the early pondering CSR in the US (Sa urabh Gaur, 2011) . Our work might want to check, after a survey of writing, by utilizing board information, if some exhibition markers can be influenced by the firms’ social mindful conduct and their certifications.The oddity of our investigation originates from its dynamic perspective and from the buildin g of a CSR record that meets two of the three principle global lists (Dow Jones Sustainability World Index, FTSE4Good Index,2011), so as to be objective and to have an agent test. The primary outcomes appear to help the possibility that the CSR firms are the more righteous, having better exhibitions over the long haul. in announcing is obviously critical whereby being straightforward doesn't really mean uncovering everything as this can be counterproductive to the correspondence of the key message (Bebbington et al. 1999). Thus, organizations must choose how much data to uncover. In view of various partners to needs whereby it is some of the time important to reveal data t hat places the organization in an awful light. The adequate space for move in recognizing critical effects and organizing them has been somewhat accused for the little essentialness behind accomplishing formal open underwriting for CSR revelation (Boiral, 20 09).This is the place the idea of Corporate So cial Responsibility, (CSR) has created and is starting to go into normal lexical information and is progressively being utilized by scholastics and business analysts for the maintainability of monetary turn of events. As frequently happens when new terms are authored, they will in general lose their applied exactness, leaving their reminiscent worth which is anyway watered somewhere around the huge number of various implications and settings in which it is utilized .However, on the off chance that we are to state that CSR is essential for corporate procedure, given the ongoing ness of the marvels and nonattendance of a very much characterized and all around acknowledged accreditatio n technique, at present CSR has certain significant confinements which we might want to redress, that is a target benchmark as opposed to a unimportant advertising device for people in general, the primary inspiration and components that drive firms into moral conduct and reasonable certification.It is really this second point has offered ascend to an expansion of articles concerning social confirmation (Ullman, 1985) that have still not shed light on the saying ivation that lures firms to shoulder the expense of affirmation or took a gander at the exploratory presentation of CSR firms. Accordingly, different execution measures have been received both available and in responsibility that all give rather grating outcome s. Corporate social duty is the responsibility of organizations to add to manageable financial advancement by working with representatives, their families, the nearby network and society everywhere to improve their lives in manners that are useful for business and for development† (Cavett-Goodwin, 2007). Consequently, our paper attempts to offer a response to the inquiries clarified previously. References: †Global revealing activity, Sustainability Reporting Initiatives [online] Available from :< http://www. globalreporting. organization/ReportingFramework/G3Guidelines> [Accessed 15 July, 2010]. Tsoutsoura M. , 2004, â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility and money related Perfor mance†, Center for Responsible Business, Working Paper Series, N. 7, University of Califor nia, Berkeley. †Academy of Management Review, Institute of Social and Ethical Accountability [online] Available from :< http://www. responsibility. organization/about-us/news/responsibility 1/pharma-s-3imandate. html> [Accessed 11 may, 2010]. †Roberts C. , 1992, â€Å"Determinants of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure: An Application of Stakeholder Theory†, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 17, 6, 595 †612. World Busi ness Council for Sustainable Development [online] Available from : [Accessed 15 October,2012]. †Donaldson T. , (1989), The Ethics of International Business, The Ruffin Ser ies in Business Ethics, Oxford University Press. †Sustainable speculation , Ethical Investment Research and Information Service [online] Available from < http://www. eiris. organization/chiefs/sustainable_investment. html> [Accessed 24 Jun, 2007]. †Cooperative Bank, Ethical Purchasing Index [online] Available from :[ Accessed 23 april,2005] TASK 6: (1073 words)The orchestrated paper on: â€Å"Does CSR (corporate social duty) help or thwart a company’s execution? † Abstract The corporate social obligation (CSR) is getting an undeniably significant issue for monetary operators everywhere throughout the world. The improvement supportable organizations need to execute their social obligation. In spite of the fact that there is no point by point estimation accessible on the effect of these practices on business execution, CSR is accepted to have a positive relationship with a company’s altruism and furthermore be an intend to an increasingly beneficial operation.The see that SCG should additionally incorporate CSR programs into its business procedures, expand its CSR system to its different partners, put more accentuation on natural issues, and utilize a proficient estimation instrument for assessing the effects and advantages of its CSR programs . Presentation Reality shows that organizations have as of late had the option to adjust to a changing world by growing financially as well as socially and morally. A firm’s point stays dependent on an improvement technique that favors’ its hareholders as well as reacts to all partners included either legitimately or in a roundabout way in the creation procedure. The social effect of all shapes and sizes partnerships is turning into a significant issue in business organization. An awful social effec t, actually, could build the firm’s chance, could prompt wrong associations with numerous partners and could influence corporate notoriety. This article presents some observational proof that intends to respond to the accompanying inquiry: does CSR practice impact a company’s picture and notoriety? Primary body:Total Review of Related, Performance Measures and Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility is getting an inexorably significant issue for financial specialists because of another thoughtfulness regarding all the parts of firms activit ies and their relationship with partners. Indeed, firms with the mentality toward exposure identified with social obligation exercises have all the earmarks of being ready to create and keep up better relationship with s takeholders as a rule Corporate Social Responsibility is an idea mind h a developing cash around the globe.It oftentimes covers with comparable methodologies, for example, cor porate supporta bility, corporate feasible turn of events and corporate duty. Additionally, CSR has a wide scope of potential importance: it very well may be considered as the private sector’s method of incorporating the monetary, social, and ecological objectives of its exercises. We center around two fundamental qualities of CSR: social government assistance direction and stakeholders’ relationship orientation.AS organizations have expanded their reception of corporate social duty rehearses, supervisors face developing strain to legitimize the designation of rare firms assets and precise proportions of corporate social obligation results are required. Since the corporate picture and notoriety have been considered as immaterial resources and important assets a firm can use so as to separate itself from its rivals. The notoriety is worked after some time as the aftereffect of complex interrelationships and trades between an organization and its stakeholders.This intricacy of interrela tionships makes impersonation hard for rivals for the time being. The stupendous conglomeration way to deal with corporate notoriety loses generous instructive substance except if different arrangements of partners can be overviewed; this exploration will be led considering the points of view of just two partners. The standard contact by organizations incorporates social and natural worries in their business tasks and in their association with their partners on a deliberate basis.When you audit each of these, they comprehensively concur that the definition presently centers around the effect of how you deal with your center business. The expanding thoughtfulness regarding CSR is right off the bat dependent on its capacity to impact firm’s execution. The explores in this field inspect how CSR can give firms a gradual addition. For instance, scientists have considered buy aims, expanded deals, upgraded picture, and improved representatives spirit as advantages of CSR.In specifi c, with respect to this viewpoint, the writing comprises of three chief strands: the presence of a positive connection among's CSR and money related outcomes, the absence of relationship among's CSR and Many examinations about the connection among CSR and execution have concentrated over an assortment of other significant attributes that can be potential reasons for firms’ execution. Some rese

I THINK its time for a guest blog!

I THINK it’s time for a guest blog! This post comes to you from my friend Iris Xu, 14, a longtime friend whos gotten pretty involved with MIT THINK. She asked me to let her guest-blog about it, and I figured, hey, science is awesome, MIT is awesome, whats not to love about the combination? So here it is, *groan*fully punny title and all! Heres Iris: WARNING: There will be shameless promotion of MIT TechFair’s THINK competition in this post. NOTE: You needn’t have worked in a lab nor done research to enter. It’s that time of year againâ€"holidays, finals, and high school science competitions! *thumbs up* For me, it was really awesome getting the chance to work in a lab and to start my own project. I remember how cool I felt when I first told my friends about “mutagenesis” like it was some dirty word. Just kidding…I never told them but I like to pretend that they cared. But, in all seriousness, starting a project was kind of a milestone for me in high school. It meant that I got to work on something that I got excited just thinking about, and where the time I put in materialized in the form of cool results and a *high-quality* shiny poster display. Science competitions became a really great way to showcase that hard work. But, it wasn’t just that. They became a great opportunity to meet other kids who were just as excited and who cared just as much about their projects. Of course, I learned how to communicate scientific results and how to develop experiments, and ended up working on the project all the way until MIT began. And in the end, it wasn’t really about the results, but the ideas and work that went into them. And now for the plug… Sure, I did a lot of science competitions, but I REALLY, REALLY wish I knew about MIT TechFair’s THINK. It differs from other competitions in that it is more about innovation and using your resources to implement an idea rather than the results. The categories are: • Homegrown Proposal The project is conducted in a home environment, with or without professional mentorship. • Laboratory-Based Proposal The project is conducted in a professional setting, such as a school laboratory or an industrial lab. • Idea Proposal The project has not been conducted yet, but describes comprehensive steps for implementation. It’s free to enter, and just some of the awesome prizes include: • A trip to MIT for the week of Spring Registration for TechFair • The opportunity to meet a MIT professor/faculty of choice • Opportunity to network with all the companies at TechFair • Money and other goodies For more information, go to http://www.mittechfair.org/think/ .The deadline is December 15.

Shipping Duty Rate - 1240 Words

Duties Duties are calculated by using the following formula: Duties= Import Rate*(Product Cost+Shipping Cost per Unit) The shipping cost was based on the Transportation/Insurance Rate (T/I) of the unit’s weight. Option 1: Assembly in New Orleans Of the potential assembly sites, the New Orleans site is the one not in a Free Trade Zone (FTZ). While the gadgets are made in New Orleans and are assessed no import duty, the gidgets, which are made in Brussels, Belgium, must be taxed at a 7% rate duty coming into the United States at a $25 dutiable value. After assembly in New Orleans, the window units will be distributed to the target markets, where a duty and drawback will be applied. Because the gidget came from the European Union (EU) to†¦show more content†¦And since all unfinished and finished products are being delivered to multiple countries and not bound to just one location, the currency exchange risks would also affect every location as there is always a gap between the time a contract is made for the goods and the time the actual payment is received for them. Furthermore, there are classic risks associated with assembly in any location that affect any organization which includes: cultural, political, economic, financial, industry, and etc. risks. Option 1: Assembly in New Orleans, US Risks specific to assembling products in the US include ever-changing economic conditions, after-effects of Katrina still resounding, and perception and cultural differences from their target markets. Option 2 3: Assembly in Zaragoza, Spain or Istanbul, Turkey Risks specific to assembling products in the Zaragoza Istanbul, includes having all the finished good’s raw products being outsourced, leaving the assembly plant victim to many possible delivery delays, and having the assembly plant in a completely different location from headquarters and not being able to monitor all aspects of the supply chain as thoroughly. Recommendation The recommendation to SAI is to assemble theShow MoreRelatedImport - Export901 Words   |  4 PagesGeneral Provisions about Customs Procedures Basic document is ‘Entry’ Entry’ in relation to goods means entry made in Bill of Entry, Shipping Bill or Bill of Export. In case of import by post, label or declaration accompanying goods is ‘entry’ Loading and unloading at specified places only Imported goods can be unloaded only at specified places. Goods can be exported only from specified places. 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Christian Beliefs The Way Of A Savior - 1386 Words

Christian beliefs are rooted in the idea of a risen Savior. The fact that Jesus was crucified, buried and rose again on the third day is a cornerstone of the Christian faith. However, it is also a source of great debate. Many scholars believe that there is an abundance of evidence supporting an actual, physical resurrection. Still others believe evidence is found that refutes the idea of a bodily resurrection. For those, evidence of a more metaphorical or spiritual resurrection is present. Review of Literature Most scholars agree that something did take place after Jesus was crucified. What is generally contested is whether a physical resurrection, or an actual reanimation of Jesus body took place, or whether the resurrection†¦show more content†¦Scholars cite the fact that witnesses recall how Jesus body still had the marks where the nails held his hands and feet to the cross as proof that Jesus physical body had been resurrected.2 There are numerous witness who saw Jesus post-resurrection appearances. Many of the witnesses who were identified were seen as educated or important, and therefore their testimonies are seen as more credible. Also, the fact that so many people saw Jesus and interacted with him at the same time leads to the belief that his appearances were physical in nature.3 Most researchers agree that the followers of Jesus did see something, and the witnesses fully believe that what they saw was the resurrected body of Jesus. However , many historians hold the belief that these appearances were hallucinations or visions, and were not the actual body of Jesus being seen by these people.4 N.T. Wright suggests the belief system of the followers of Jesus also helped to deepen the idea that Jesus appeared to them in bodily form. This idea is mirrored by other researchers who state that the culture and context of a situation must be taken into consideration when interpreting an event.5 The people believed Jesus was the Messiah, and as such could not remain dead. Following a truly dead Savior would mean their system of beliefs had no meaning. Therefore, he must have been physically resurrected, and

Sec.22 Free Essays

SEC. 22. The State recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous cultural communities within the framework of national unity and development. We will write a custom essay sample on Sec.22 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rights of Indigeneous cultural communities. As used in the Constitution, the term â€Å"indigenous cultural communities† refers to non-dominant groups in our country which possess and wish to preserve ethnic, religious or linguistic traditions or characteristic markedly different from the rest of the population. Section 22 recognizes constitutionally the existence and rights of the indigenous cultural communities. It directs the State to promote their rights within the framework of national unity. Thus, the State is bound to consider the customs, traditions, beliefs and interests of indigenous cultural minorities in the formulation and implementation of State policies and programs. In a multi-ethnic society like ours, the above provision is necessary in promoting the goal of national unity and development. (see Art XVI, Sec. 12) Under provision, the government may even enact the laws especially for them taking into account their customs, traditions, beliefs and interests. H. de Leon, Phil. Constitution 2005, pp. 67-68) SEC. 23. The State shall encourage non-governmental, community-based or sectoral organizations that promote the welfare of the nation. Non-governmental, community-based or sectoral organizations The State is required to encourage these organizations because recent events have shown that, under responsible leadership, they can be active contributors to the political, social and e conomic growth of the country. It should refrain from any actuation that would tend to interfere or subvert the rights of these organizations which in the words of the Constitution are community-based or sectoral organizations that promote the welfare of the nation. (Ibid, p. 68) This topic is discussed at the length under Article XIII (Social Justice and Human Rights), Sections 15 and 16 which categorically state the role and rights of people’s organizations as vehicle to enable the people to participate and intervene meaningfully and effectively in decisions which directly affect their lives. (Ibid. p. 68) SEC. 24. The State recognizes the vital role of communication and information in nation-building. Vital role of communication and information in nation-building. Communication and information, as used above, include not only print or broadcast media (radio and television) but also motion pictures, advertising, cable, telephone and telegraph. Those means of communication designed to gather and convey news or in the formation to the public are called mass media because they reach the mass of the people. (see Art. XVI, Sec. 11[1]. That they play a critical role in nation-building is very obvious. 1) Formation of an enlightened citizenry. – Mass media shape people’s thoughts and beliefs, their attitudes and values. In a country like the Philippines composed of people with diverse cultures, they can be an effective instrument in promoting national integration and preserving Filipino values and traditions. By educating the citizenry on important public issues, they also help create a strong, vigilant and enlightened public opinion so essential to the successful operation of a republican democracy. (2) Promotion of effiency and economy in government and business. Information and communication can be used to link our geographically dispersed population an effect faster delivery of educational, medical and other public services in remote areas of the country. In any organization, ready information maximizes internal efficiency. Particularly in business, it reduces cost of production and services. (3) Development of society. – On the material side, it is difficult to imagine a progressive country, in today’s world of high-tech computers, internets, cyberspace and information highways, with antiquated ommunication and information structures. In the last few years, the world has witnessed a steady stream of a technological progress in the field. The Philippines must keep abreast of communication innovations but at the same time be selective and discrimin ating to insure that only those â€Å"suitable to the needs and aspirations of the nation† (Ibid. : Sec. 10) are adapted. Utilized and managed wisely and efficiently, communication and information are very useful tools for the economic, social, cultural and political development of society. (H. de Leon, Phil. Constitution, p. 9) Sec. 25. The State shall ensure the autonomy of local governments. Autonomy of local governments R. A. 7160, known as the Local Government Code, enacted on January 1, 1992 covers all matters concerning local governments and political subdivisions. Sec. 26. The state shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service, and prohibit political dynasties as may be defined by law. Equal access opportunities for public service This topic discussed under Article VI Legislative Department, Sections 4, 5, and 7 and Article X (Local Government), Section 8. Additionally: (1) Limitation of terms of office. – The provisions limiting the terms of office of elective officials (President, Vice President, Senators, Representative and local officials) enhance equal access to political opportunities although they may not completely do way with evils spawned political dynasties that proliferated in the country in the past. With his political and economic resources, an elective official can have a close kin or follower run for the latter. Hence, the need for a declaration expressly prohibiting a political dynasties. (2) Prohibition of political dynasties. – The constitutional policy on the prohibition of political dynasties expresses a national commitment to democratize election and appointment to positions in the government and eliminate a principal obstacle to â€Å"equal opportunities for public service†. It is not uncommon to have the most of the top elective positions in a province (or city) down to barangays occupied by one family and close relatives of the family members. Politicians form husband-wife teams, or father-mother, son-daughter teams and hold to elective positions for decades. The dominance of political families in the past not only kept more deserving but poor individuals from running or winning in elections; it also enabled powerful and affluent politicians to corner appointive positions for their relatives and followers as it they alone are gifted with the ability to serve the country. (3) Prohibition constitutionally mandated. The law implementing the constitutional policy shall define what constitutes political dynasties, having in mind of evils sought to be eradicated and the need to insure the widest possible base for the selection of elective government officials regardless of political, economic and social status. Note that the State is expressly mandated to prohibit â€Å"political dynasties†. Congress has no discretion on the matter except merely to spell out the meaning and scope of the term. (deLeon,2005,p. 0). Sec. 27. The State shall maintain honesty and integrity in the public service and take positive and effective measures against graft and corruption. Honesty and Integrity in public service (1) The perennial problem of graft and corruption. – In the Philippines, every new administration since the postwar period has made a pledge to eradicate graft and corruption in government. The popular perception, however, is that this baneful ill has become more rampant and sophisticated through years. To be sure, the above provision was incorporated in the Constitution because of revelations of â€Å"unprecendented magnitude† of graft and corruption allegedly perpetrated by officials in the highest circle of the government during the previous regime. (2) Ways to attack problem. – The malady of graft and corruption must be eliminated or at least minimize to a tolerable degree because of the staggering amount of public money that has been lost through it. What is needed is moral leadership by example on the part of the top officials in the government and a continuing, the public service which have considerably slowed down the socio-economic progress of our country. Having the honest Presidents with the best intentions is not enough to reduce corruption to minimal proportions. This perennial problem cannot be solve by mere empty promises and congressional inquiries, but by prosecuting without the fear or favor and putting behind bars so-called â€Å"big-fishes† found to be involve as concrete examples of the government’s determination to achieve decency in the public service. Any campaign against the scourge of society will be made more effective if accompanied by a morality crusade. (3) Need for honesty and integrity in public service. – The fulfillment of the constitutional mandate will go a long way in strengthening the peoples trust in the government and its leaders. It will also ensure the efficient use of the meager resources available for national development. (deLeon,2005,pp. 71-72) Sec. 28. Subject to a reasonable conditions prescribed by law, the state adopts and implements a policy of full public disclosure of all its transactions involving public interest. Full Disclosure by the State of all it’s transactions. 1. Duty of the State – Sec. 7 of the bill of rights guarantees the people’s right of information on matters of public concern and access to records pertaining to official transactions of the government. In the other hand, Sec. 28 requires the State to make public it’s transactions without demand from individual citizens. It stresses the duty of the State to release the information. 2. Transaction covered – The policy covers all State transactions involving public interests, i. e. , transactions which the people have a right to know particularly those involving expenditures of public funds. The law, however, may prescribed reasonable conditions for the disclosure to guard against improper or unjustified exercise of the right. The policy will not apply to records involving the security of the State or which are confidential in character. (H. de Leon, Phil. Constitution, pp. 64-72) How to cite Sec.22, Essay examples

Progressive Era vs New Deal free essay sample

New Deal vs. Progressive Era During both the Progressive era and the New Deal era, policies as well as programs were being created in an effort to assist the American public, specifically those living in poverty. Throughout the early 1900’s Roosevelt had strayed away from the typical laissez-faire policy and decided that the people would need to be guided by the government. â€Å"Wilsonian Progressivism† had also aimed at assisting the public with his â€Å"New Freedom Program† which consisted of antitrust legislation, banking reform as well as tariff reductions. After the stock market crashed in 1929, America had fallen into a Great Depression resulting in the unemployment of millions. Newly elected Franklin D. Roosevelt decided to present his New Deal policy which focused on three methods of helping America: relief (immediate action to temporarily lessen the suffering), recovery (executive and legislative initiatives intended to get the economy starting), and reform (permanent programs used to reduce the possibility of another economic disaster). We will write a custom essay sample on Progressive Era vs New Deal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Both the Progressive era and New Deal era policies and programs had similarities and differences in their approach to helping the American public. The programs and policies created during both era’s had been directed toward similar groups of people in need, such as the labor groups. Roosevelt had stood up for labor rights during the Pennsylvania coal mines dispute where the workers demanded a 20 percent increase in pay. Roosevelt had ordered the employers to give the workers a 10 percent increase as well as a working day of nine hours. To enforce his decision he established the Department of Commerce and Labor which spawned the Bureau of Corporations which was given the permission to investigate businesses engaged in interstate commerce. Wilson had helped the laborers with the Seamen’s Act of 1915 which required decent treatment and a living wage on American merchant ships. Franklin Roosevelt also helped the suffering labor groups by passing the National Recovery Administration which had reduced working hours as well as granting the workers a right to organize and bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing. Franklin Roosevelt had also battled private companies when he established the Tennessee Valley Authority which had determined how fair the rates being charged by private companies for electricity were. The New Deal legislation had led to an increased union membership and the winning of better wages and rights for the labor force. Both era’s had also decided to create a new banking system in order to help the economy and thus the public. Wilson created the Federal Reserve Act/Board which appointed twelve regional reserve districts each with its own central bank. The board was able to create paper money backed by commercial paper in order to make sure the amount of money in circulation could be increased as needed. Franklin Roosevelt similarly established the Glass Steagal Banking Reform Act which spawned the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation which insured that there were individual deposits up to $5000. The act had ended the bank failures and saved the money of many unemployed. The two era’s had always attempted to assist the farmers. Wilson made credit available to farmers at low rates of interest with the Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916, as well as authorized loans on the security of staple crops with the Warehouse Act of 1916. The New Deal had created the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 which made millions of dollars available to help farmers meet their mortgages. The Agricultural Adjustment Agency had helped the farmers increase the value of their crops by paying the farmers subsidies not to plant on parts of their land, kill off livestock and overall to restrict agricultural production. Lastly Wilson’s Workingmen’s Compensation Act of 1916 which gave assistance to federal civil-service employees during periods of disability is similar to Franklin Roosevelt’s Social Security Act of 1935 which gave federal-state unemployment insurance to the elderly, physically handicapped and delinquents. Although both era’s had shared numerous similarities in programs that were passed, they also had many differences. Due to the fact that the New Deal era was plagued with the Great Depression, Roosevelt had to focus on creating temporary jobs or programs to help get the unemployed working. These â€Å"relief† programs such as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) had allowed unemployed and uniformed men to work in government camps by reforesting, firefighting, controlling flood problems, and they even helped with swamp drainage. Most of their money would be sent to their parents so they could pay their mortgages and other expenses. Another relief program was the Home Owner’s Loan Corporation which helped refinance mortgages on nonfarm homes. During the progressive era there were no programs created to provide temporary work other than the NewLands Act of 1902 which helped develop irrigation projects, such as the Roosevelt Dam created on Arizona’s Salt River in 1911. Another difference was when Roosevelt had passed the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 which made meat that was being shipped over the state lines subject to federal inspection. The Food and Drug Act was also passed to insure the mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals. Franklin Roosevelt had never passed any legislation addressing the issue of food and drugs. Overall, both the Progressive era and New Deal era had attempted to assist the American public through banking legislation, benefits for laborers and benefits for farmers. However the two eras differed to their approach to regulating the big business. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal focused more on creating a focused way of getting the unemployed back to work. The progressive era presidents did not have to concern themselves with creating more jobs for the unemployed and so they decided to focus on fixing popular issues such as the trusts. Both eras had remained loyal to the American public and managed to establish programs and policies that would be in the best interests of the suffering public.